Gestational age, birth weight, and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder

Linnet, Karen Markussen

doi:10.1136/adc.2005.088872

Cited by 193 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Lower GA and low birth weight for boys were significantly related to ADHD only in our partially adjusted model, although early term deliveries remained significant in our fully adjusted model. Similar to most larger studies in the literature that support the correlation of ADHD by degree of prematurity, 16,17,29,30 we also suggest the need to recognize the effect of prematurity even in early term deliveries on subsequent behavior problems including ADHD, and parents requesting early delivery with no obstetric complication should be discouraged. 17,31,32 Gustafsson et al 14 reported only a weak correlation with perinatal, maternal, and fetal characteristics of children diagnosed with ADHD, and their study lacked power because of a small sample size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Silva

Colvin

Hagemann³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

190

181

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BACKGROUND: Early environmental risk factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been increasingly suggested. Our study investigates the maternal, pregnancy, and newborn risk factors by gender for children prescribed stimulant medication for treatment of ADHD in Western Australia. METHODS: This is a population-based, record linkage case–control study. The records of all non-Aboriginal children and adolescents born in Western Australia and aged <25 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and prescribed stimulant medication (cases = 12 991) were linked to the Midwives Notification System (MNS) to obtain maternal, pregnancy, and birth information. The control population of 30 071 children was randomly selected from the MNS. RESULTS: Mothers of children with ADHD were significantly more likely to be younger, be single, have smoked in pregnancy, have labor induced, and experience threatened preterm labor, preeclampsia, urinary tract infection in pregnancy, or early term delivery irrespective of the gender of the child, compared with the control group. In the fully adjusted model, a novel finding was of a possible protective effect of oxytocin augmentation in girls. Low birth weight, postterm pregnancy, small for gestational age infant, fetal distress, and low Apgar scores were not identified as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking in pregnancy, maternal urinary tract infection, being induced, and experiencing threatened preterm labor increase the risk of ADHD, with little gender difference, although oxytocin augmentation of labor appears protective for girls. Early term deliveries marginally increased the risk of ADHD. Studies designed to disentangle possible mechanisms, confounders, or moderators of these risk factors are warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Silva

Colvin

Hagemann³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

190

181

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“…Although prematurity at birth is a recognized risk factor for subsequent ADHD (Galera et al, 2011; Linnet et al, 2006), it is mentioned by only five newspaper articles (Table II). For example, La Croix (25 May 2011) put: “A Swedish study published in the journal Pediatrics highlights that premature birth is linked to the risk of receiving an ADHD treatment some years later.” It must be noted, however, that prematurity is not a major concern in France: the rate of premature birth is much lower (5.8%) than in the USA (12.7%) (Goldenberg, Culhane, Iams, & Romero, 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both discourses did not evolve in parallel: the psychodynamic understanding was dominant in the early 2000s while the biomedical model dominated during the most recent years (2009–2012). Finally, the scientific literature has widely documented the environmental risk factors that strongly contribute to ADHD prevalence: exposure to heavy metals and other chemicals (Froehlich et al, 2011; Needleman et al, 1979), premature birth (Linnet et al, 2006; Szatmari, Saigal, Rosenbaum, Campbell, & King, 1990), maltreatment, parents suffering from mental disorders, poor interactions between parents and children (Biederman, Faraone, & Monuteaux, 2002; Biederman et al, 1995; Galera et al, 2011; Schneider & Eisenberg, 2006; Tallmadge & Barkley, 1983), low economic status of the family, low educational level of the parents, young maternal age at birth (Froehlich et al, 2007; Galera et al, 2011; Schneider & Eisenberg, 2006), and excessive exposure to television and video games (Christakis, Zimmerman, DiGiuseppe, & McCarty, 2004; Swing, Gentile, Anderson, & Walsh, 2010). Unfortunately, these risks are never mentioned in French specialized journals and TV programmes (Ponnou et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers

Ponnou

Gonon

2017

International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well

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Two models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) coexist: the biomedical and the psychosocial. We identified in nine French newspapers 159 articles giving facts and opinions about ADHD from 1995 to 2015. We classified them according to the model they mainly supported and on the basis of what argument. Two thirds (104/159) mainly supported the biomedical model. The others either defended the psychodynamic understanding of ADHD or voiced both models. Neurological dysfunctions and genetic risk factors were mentioned in support of the biomedical model in only 26 and eight articles, respectively. These biological arguments were less frequent in the most recent years. There were fewer articles mentioning medication other than asserting that medication must be combined with psychosocial interventions (14 versus 57 articles). Only 11/159 articles claimed that medication protects from school failure. These results were compared to those of our two previous studies. Thus, both French newspapers and the specialized press read by social workers mainly defended either the psychodynamic understanding of ADHD or a nuanced version of the biomedical model. In contrast, most French TV programmes described ADHD as an inherited neurological disease whose consequences on school failure can be counteracted by a very effective medication.

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“…2,3 Poor birth outcomes have been linked to cognitive deficits and psychiatric disturbances in children 4 including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD 5 and hyperkinetic disorder. 6 Many of these neurodevelopmental disorders have multifactorial etiologies and factors affecting fetal brain development are thought to play an important role. Optimal fetal brain development is highly dependent on energy and nutrition supplied by the mother.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal adiposity prior to pregnancy is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring: evidence from three prospective pregnancy cohorts

et al. 2007

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Objectives: We examine whether pregnancy weight (pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or weight gain) is related to core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age offspring. Design: Follow-up of prospective pregnancy cohorts from Sweden, Denmark and Finland within the Nordic Network on ADHD. Methods: Maternal pregnancy and delivery data were collected prospectively. Teachers rated inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in offspring. High scores were defined as at least one core symptom rated as 'severe' and two as 'present' (approximately 10% of children scored in this range). Logistic regression and latent class analyses were used to examine maternal pregnancy weight in relation to children's ADHD core symptoms. Results: Teacher rated 12 556 school-aged children. Gestational weight gain outside of the Institute of Medicine guidelines was not related to ADHD symptoms (below recommendations: odds ratio (OR): 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 1.14; above recommendations: OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.16). To examine various patterns of pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain, we used latent class analysis and found significant associations between classes that included pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and a high ADHD symptom score in offspring, ORs ranged between 1.37 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.75) and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.13, 3.15) adjusted for gestational age, birth weight, weight gain, pregnancy smoking, maternal age, maternal education, child gender, family structure and cohort country of origin. Children of women who were both overweight and gained a large amount of weight during gestation had a 2-fold risk of ADHD symptoms (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.19, 3.72) compared to normal-weight women. Conclusions: We show for the first time that pre-pregnancy BMI is associated with ADHD symptoms in children. Our results are of public health significance if the associations are causal and will then add ADHD symptoms in offspring to the list of deleterious outcomes related to overweight and obesity in the prenatal period.

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Gestational age, birth weight, and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder

Cited by 193 publications

References 34 publications

Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Environmental Risk Factors by Gender Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers

Maternal adiposity prior to pregnancy is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring: evidence from three prospective pregnancy cohorts

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