Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Harbinger of the Vicious Cycle of Diabetes

Alejandro, Emilyn U.; Mamerto, Therriz P.; Chung, Grace; Villavieja, Adrian; Gaus, Nawirah Lumna; Morgan, Elizabeth A.; Pineda-Cortel, Maria Ruth

doi:10.3390/ijms21145003

Cited by 184 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 196 publications

(225 reference statements)

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“…Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy-specific disease defined as ‘diabetes that is first diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that is clearly not overt diabetes’ (using newer definition in accordance with the guidelines of the American Diabetes Associations, 2021) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. This disease includes GDM-1 (treated with diet) and GDM-2 (when required, treated by adding insulin to the diet in order to normalize glycemia) [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GDM is an important public health issue. Globally, on average, 16% of pregnancies develop GDM (i.e., average 18 million women) depending on the region and diagnostic criteria [ 4 , 6 , 7 ], and 80–90% of cases develop GDM-1 (when diet treatment was sufficient to normalize glycemia) [ 3 ]. Importantly, this disease is associated with both short-term (perinatal) and long-term complications in the mother and the newborn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, this disease is associated with both short-term (perinatal) and long-term complications in the mother and the newborn. Long-term complications include an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity later in the mother’s and baby’s life, revealing the adverse intergenerational effects of GDM [ 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. This is related to the theory of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is related to the theory of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) [ 11 , 12 ]. Early identification of GDM risk allows for early interventions to reduce maternal and child complications [ 4 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Risk for Declared Family History of Diabetes, in Combination with BMI Categories

Lewandowska

2021

IJERPH

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Whether categories of family history of diabetes can act as independent risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-1, -2) has not yet been established, and neither has it been established how categories of body mass index (BMI) affect these relationships. A group of 912 women without chronic diseases, recruited in the first trimester, was investigated: 125 (13.7%) women developed GDM-1 (treated with diet); 21 (2.3%) women developed GDM-2 (treated with insulin); and a control group consisted of 766 non-diabetic women. A multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate adjusted odds ratios (AOR (95% confidence intervals)) of GDM-1 and GDM-2 for declared diabetes in the parents or grandparents (separately). These relationships were investigated in the whole cohort and subgroups of pre-pregnancy BMI. (1) Some categories of the family history were independent risk factors of GDM-1 or GDM-2. Compared to ‘absence of diabetes in the family’, women with diabetes in the father had a 3.68-fold increase in GDM-1 risk (AOR-b = 3.68 (2.23–6.07)), and women with diabetes in the mother had a 2.13-fold increase in GDM-1 risk (AOR-b = 2.13 (1.1−4.14)) and a 4.73-fold increase in GDM-2 risk (AOR-b = 4.73 (1.26−17.77)). Women with diabetes in the grandmother had a 2.34-fold increase in GDM-1 risk (AOR-b = 2.34 (1.29−4.24)). (2) The cumulative assessment of diabetes in the parents and/or grandparents was not related to the intensification of the risk of GDM, except for the increased risk of GDM-1 for diabetes in both mother and grandmothers simultaneously (AOR-b = 8.80 (1.16−66.57)), however, this group was very small. (3) The analyses in the subgroups of BMI categories showed that diabetes in the father was also an independent risk factor of GDM in the subgroup of pregnant women with normal BMI. In the subgroups of overweight and/or obesity, the risk of GDM for paternal and maternal diabetes was approximately twice as high as compared to the results of pregnant women with normal BMIs. Additionally, apart from the maternal influence of diabetes, the results suggest a significant influence of diabetes in the father on the risk of GDM, even (interestingly) in lean pregnant women.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Risk for Declared Family History of Diabetes, in Combination with BMI Categories

Lewandowska

2021

IJERPH

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“…Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the first diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy that is characterized by glucose intolerance and insulin resistance [ 1 ]. With the increase in the obesity rate and maternal age, the incidence of GDM is also increasing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of circular RNA circ_0008285 in gestational diabetes mellitus by regulating the biological functions of trophoblasts

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2021

Biol Res

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Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) has emerged as vital regulator involved in various diseases. In this study, we identified and investigated the potential circRNAs involved in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods High-throughput sequencing was used to collect the plasma circRNAs expression profiles of GDM patients. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the expressions of circ_0008285 and circ_0001173 in the plasma specimens. The Pearson’s correlation test was employed to assess the correlation between 2 circRNAs expression and the clinicopathologic data. Two circRNAs expression was verified in high glucose (HG)-induced HTR-8/SVneo cells. MTS, transwell assay was used to evaluate the effects of circ_0008285 expression on HG-induced HTR-8/SVneo cells. The network of circ_0008285 was constructed using cytocape. Results In GDM patients, the expression of circ_0008285 was significantly upregulated, while that of circ_0001173 was decreased. Circ_0008285 was significantly correlated with the total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. Circ_0001173 was significantly correlated with glycated hemoglobin. HG promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration in HTR-8/SVneo cells, while the knockdown of circ_0008285 exerted reverse effects. In addition, network construction exhibited that circ_0008285 had 45 miRNA binding sites, which correlated with 444 mRNA. Conclusions circ_0008285 plays an important role and provides a clue for the usage of therapeutic targets in the development of GDM.

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Pregnancy as an opportunity to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus: FIGO Best Practice Advice

Adam

McIntyre

Tsoi

et al. 2023

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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Gestational diabetes (GDM) impacts approximately 17 million pregnancies worldwide. Women with a history of GDM have an 8–10‐fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and a 2‐fold higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with women without prior GDM. Although it is possible to prevent and/or delay progression of GDM to type 2 diabetes, this is not widely undertaken. Considering the increasing global rates of type 2 diabetes and CVD in women, it is essential to utilize pregnancy as an opportunity to identify women at risk and initiate preventive intervention. This article reviews existing clinical guidelines for postpartum identification and management of women with previous GDM and identifies key recommendations for the prevention and/or delayed progression to type 2 diabetes for global clinical practice.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Harbinger of the Vicious Cycle of Diabetes

Cited by 184 publications

References 196 publications

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Risk for Declared Family History of Diabetes, in Combination with BMI Categories

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Risk for Declared Family History of Diabetes, in Combination with BMI Categories

The role of circular RNA circ_0008285 in gestational diabetes mellitus by regulating the biological functions of trophoblasts

Pregnancy as an opportunity to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus: FIGO Best Practice Advice

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