Gestational organophosphate ester exposure and preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child cohort study

Prenatal organophosphate ester exposure and executive function in Norwegian preschoolers

“…14,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] These studies have evaluated a broad range of neurodevelopmental outcomes including general cognitive, psychomotor, and behavioral effects, social behaviors, and ADHD, with no studies assessing EF specifically. 14,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] The study most similar to ours was conducted by Doherty (2019a) et al 21 This study evaluated DPhP and BDCIPP in relation to behavioral outcomes in preschoolers, but did not measure DnBP or BBOEP. 21 Doherty et al found higher prenatal DPhP and BDCIPP concentrations were associated with more adverse scores on the Externalizing Problems and Behavioral Symptoms Index composites using parent-ratings from the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, second edition (BASC-2).…”

“…[11][12][13] The human health effects of OPEs are not well understood; however, both animal and human studies have found OPEs may contribute to adverse neurodevelopment. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Several biological mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship, including the potential for OPEs to affect the developing brain directly via developmental toxicity or indirectly through dysregulation of thyroid hormones. [28][29][30] Additionally, OPEs may also operate through sex-specific mechanisms, with female-only dysregulation of thyroid hormones having been observed for two OPEs: tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCDIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP).…”

“…14,21 Eight of these nine studies have also evaluated child sex as a potential modifier of the OPE-neurodevelopment relationship, with most of these studies finding some association. 14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, observed sex-specific OPE-EF associations has differed in the literature with relation to both OPE and affected sex. 14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] The existing literature on OPEs and neurodevelopment has thus far focused on neurodevelopmental outcomes that comprise a constellation of cognitive processes (e.g., attention span, vocabulary production, and assertiveness) or ADHD.…”

“…14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, observed sex-specific OPE-EF associations has differed in the literature with relation to both OPE and affected sex. 14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] The existing literature on OPEs and neurodevelopment has thus far focused on neurodevelopmental outcomes that comprise a constellation of cognitive processes (e.g., attention span, vocabulary production, and assertiveness) or ADHD. 14,[21][22][23]27 However, executive function (EF) has not been specifically studied in relation to OPEs.…”

“…14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] The existing literature on OPEs and neurodevelopment has thus far focused on neurodevelopmental outcomes that comprise a constellation of cognitive processes (e.g., attention span, vocabulary production, and assertiveness) or ADHD. 14,[21][22][23]27 However, executive function (EF) has not been specifically studied in relation to OPEs. EF refers to a group of cognitive processes that measure planning, problem-solving, task completion, goal setting, and thought/behavior regulation.…”