“…Renowned for its prowess in pattern recognition, prediction, and classification, BPNN stands as a formidable machine learning (ML) algorithm. Its adaptive learning capability, adeptness in nonlinear mapping, and robustness render BPNN exceptional in tackling intricate relationships and nonlinear quandaries [ [5] , [6] , [7] ]. The reason for choosing BPNN over other ML models to optimize the security risk assessment model lies primarily in several prominent advantages of BPNN.…”