GGA and GGA + U Study of ThMn2Si2 and ThMn2Ge2 Compounds in a Body-Centered Tetragonal Ferromagnetic Phase

Abstract

Our study used the full-potential linearized augmented plane waves (FP-LAPW) method to conduct a first-principles evaluation of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of ThMn2X2 (X = Si and Ge) compounds. To establish theoretical dependability with the currently available experimental results, computations for the structural findings of ternary intermetallic thorium (Th)-based compounds were achieved using the generalized gradient approximation in the scheme of Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE–GGA) potential, while the generalized gradient approximation plus the Hubbard U (GGA + U) approach was employed to improve the electrical and magnetic properties. In contrast with both the paramagnetic (PM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases, the ThMn2X2 compounds were optimized in a stable ferromagnetic (FM) phase, which was more suited for studying and analyzing magnetic properties. The electronic band structures (BS) and the density of state (DOS) were computed using the two PBE–GGA and GGA + U approximations. The thorium (Th)-based ThMn2X2 compound has full metallic character, due to the crossing and overlapping of bands across the Fermi level of energy, as well as the absence of a gap through both spin (up and down) channels. There was a significant hybridization between (Mn-d and (X = Si and Ge)-p states of conduction band with Th-f states in the valence band. The total magnetic moment of ThMn2Si2 in the ferromagnetic phase was 7.94534 μB, while for ThMn2Ge2 it was 8.73824 μB with a major contribution from the Mn atom. In addition, the ThMn2Ge2 compound’s total magnetic moment confirmed that it exhibits higher ferromagnetism than does the ThMn2Si2 compound.

Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining

“…Thorium compounds are relatively few compared to other elements, even the less reactive ones [ 75 , 76 ]. Thus, thorium dioxide, halogens or a nitride are encountered, but the speciation of the thorium ion (Th 4+ ) in aqueous solutions is of practical importance, as countless hydroxylated chemical species can be generated: [ThOH] 3+ , [Th(OH) 2 ] 2+ , [Th(OH) 3 ] + , [Th(OH) 4 ], [Th(OH) 2 (CO 3 ) 2 ] 2− , [Th 2 (OH) 2 ] 6+ and [Th(H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ [ 77 , 78 , 79 ], hence the importance of the operational parameters (pH, ionic strength, temperature, contact ions in the aqueous solution [ 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]), which would be the object of the study of membrane processes.…”

Thorium Between Removing, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining

“…Thorium compounds are relatively few compared to other elements, even the less reactive ones [75,76]. Thus, thorium dioxide, halogens or a nitride are encountered, but the speciation of the thorium ion (Th 4+ ) in aqueous solutions is of practical importance, as countless hydroxylated chemical species can be generated: [ThOH] 3+ , [Th(OH)2] 2+ , [Th(OH)3] + , [Th(OH)4], [Th(OH)2 (CO3)2] 2-, [Th2(OH)2] 6+ and [Th(H2O)9] 4+ [77][78][79], hence the importance of the operational parameters (pH, ionic strength, temperature, contact ions in the aqueous solution [80][81][82][83]), which would be the object of the study of membrane processes.…”