GGE Biplot Analysis for Stability and Adaptability of Maize Hybrids in Western Region of Indonesia

Abstract

Hybrids that are stable or adaptable in a specific location for the western region of Indonesia are required to increase production of maize in Indonesia. The objectives of the study were (i) to select maize hybrids which are stable or adaptable in the western region of Indonesia and (ii) to determine the discriminant location for evaluating superior hybrids in the western region. Therefore, twelve maize hybrids were planted in different locations and seasons in the western region. Hybrids were selected based on GGE biplot analysis. The results showed that G9 and G10 were stable maize hybrids. G6 was the selected hybrid for the first megaenvironment; whereas, G3 was selected as the hybrid for the second megaenvironment. The L8 and L17 were the discriminant environment for evaluating hybrids in the western region of Indonesia. The high-yielding hybrids selected in this study should be broadly evaluated on-farm in order to disseminate for small holder farmers in Sumatera and Java islands.

Evaluation of High Yielding Maize Hybrids Based on Combined Stability Analysis, Sustainability Index, and GGE Biplot

“…The percentage of environmental influence which is quite large on grain yields indicates that the selected environment is quite diverse. Differences in environmental conditions during planting can lead to differences in yield and yield quality of maize hybrid [ 6 , 8 , 40 ]. The response of maize hybrids to the tested environment is the variable indicated by the GEIs.…”

“…In Figure 3 (environment rank), the ranking of each environment was indicated by how close the environmental point was to the ideal point (small arrow). According to Ruswandi et al [ 8 ], the ideal environment was the environment that has the closest distance to the ideal point. In our study on the Sumatra Island, the E3 shows the position closest to the ideal point, followed by E1, while the other environment was outside the circle and has a large enough angle with the ideal point.…”

“…To determine the genotypic stability ranking based on the GGE biplot, the “mean vs. stability” pattern was used ( Figure 5 ). Based on Figure 5 , the ideal genotype was the closest to the stability line and the ideal point (small arrow) [ 8 , 55 ]. Based on this pattern, MH8, MH9, and MH2 were closest to the ideal line and point (small arrow).…”

“…The occurrence of GEIs, however, indicated that various genotypes can have different responses to environmental changes and make the selection process inefficient [3][4][5]. In some cases, maize yields are strongly influenced by GEIs due to environmental changes [5][6][7][8]. Studies also reported that GEIs complicate the selection process for crops like sweet potato in Indonesia [9], durum wheat in Turkey [10], yellow passion fruit in Brazil [11], and cotton in China [12].…”

“…It helps determine stable genotypes in a wide range of environments that are also adaptive to a specific environments. The effect of GEIs on multienvironment evaluation mainly occurs using quantitative characters including grain yields [ 8 ] as well as resistance to biotic and abiotic factors [ 13 ].…”