2014
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0327-6
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GH and the cardiovascular system: an update on a topic at heart

Abstract: In this review, the importance of growth hormone (GH) for the maintenance of normal cardiac function in adult life is discussed. Physiological effects of GH and underlying mechanisms for interactions between GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and the cardiovascular system are covered as well as the cardiac dysfunction caused both by GH excess (acromegaly) and by GH deficiency in adult hypopituitary patients. In both acromegaly and adult GH deficiency, there is also increased cardiovascular morbidity a… Show more

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Cited by 129 publications
(127 citation statements)
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References 146 publications
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“…The correlation between visceral adiposity and GH axis highlights how GHD could be associated with a condition of visceral adiposity dysfunction and metabolic risk. In this connection, a clustering of cardiovascular clinical risk factors has been reported in GHD patients, mainly including truncal adiposity and increased visceral fat, changes in body composition and insulin resistance, negative changes in lipid profiles and increased cardiovascular mortality [23][24][25].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The correlation between visceral adiposity and GH axis highlights how GHD could be associated with a condition of visceral adiposity dysfunction and metabolic risk. In this connection, a clustering of cardiovascular clinical risk factors has been reported in GHD patients, mainly including truncal adiposity and increased visceral fat, changes in body composition and insulin resistance, negative changes in lipid profiles and increased cardiovascular mortality [23][24][25].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, this is in a more continuous pattern than in men (Figure 2) (27,56). It is known that GH promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and is required for normal vascular reactivity and modeling (85)(86)(87)(88). Indeed, the prevalence of systemic hypertension is 20-50% in patients with acromegaly (in whom the plasma GH levels are high) because of "stiffer arteries" (85,87); no information is available on PH in acromegaly.…”
Section: Synthesis Of the Literature On Sex Bias Mediated By The Neurmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is known that GH promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and is required for normal vascular reactivity and modeling (85)(86)(87)(88). Indeed, the prevalence of systemic hypertension is 20-50% in patients with acromegaly (in whom the plasma GH levels are high) because of "stiffer arteries" (85,87); no information is available on PH in acromegaly. We propose that these 80-to 120-fold higher levels and a more continuous pattern of GH, and thus activation of different sets of cell cycle, cell proliferation and cell migration regulatory genes (27), is why IPAH is more prevalent in women than men.…”
Section: Synthesis Of the Literature On Sex Bias Mediated By The Neurmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some of the classical cardiovascular risk factors that are associated with GHD in adults include insulin resistance, unfavourable shifts in serum lipid pattern including increased serum low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration, impaired fibrinolysis, and increased sympathetic nervous activity (for review see [3]). More recently reported cardiovascular risk factors include homocysteine and C-reactive protein (for review see [4]) and pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) which has been observed to be elevated in GHD patients [5].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It will also be interesting to see if vitamin D is linked to GHD per se and will be improved by GH substitution treatment and/or vitamin D supplementation is important to optimise positive effects of GH therapy. GH replacement therapy normalises most of the cardiovascular risk factors observed in hypopituitary patients (for review see [3]). Body composition is rapidly normalised by GH replacement therapy and appear to be at least partly sustained after 15 years of therapy.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%