Ghrelin and peptide YY increase with weight loss during a 12-month intervention to reduce dietary energy density in obese women

Hill, Brenna R.; Rolls, Barbara J.; Roe, Liane S.; Souza, Mary Jane De; Williams, Nancy I.

doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.009

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Clearly, weight loss and maintenance for 4 weeks is a very different physiological state. However, decreased leptin levels and, in many but not all cases, increased ghrelin levels persist during weight loss maintenance in humans (Hill et al, 2013; Hinkle et al, 2013; Iepsen et al, 2016; Sumithran et al, 2011). Thus, these hormonal changes could contribute to long lasting changes in the glucose sensitivity of LH orexin-GI neurons and glutamate signaling onto VTA DA neurons which, in turn, drive intake of palatable food and promote weight regain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral hypothalamic orexin glucose-inhibited neurons may regulate reward-based feeding by modulating glutamate transmission in the ventral tegmental area

et al. 2020

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Glucose inhibits ∼60% of lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons. Fasting increases the activation of LH orexin glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons in low glucose. Increases in spontaneous glutamate excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) onto putative VTA DA neurons in low glucose are orexin dependent (Sheng et al., 2014). VTA DA neurons modulate reward-based feeding. We tested the hypothesis that increased activation of LH orexin-GI neurons in low glucose increases glutamate signaling onto VTA DA neurons and contributes to reward-based feeding in food restricted animals. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) currents on putative VTA DA neurons were measured using whole cell voltage clamp recording in horizontal brain slices containing the LH and VTA. Decreased glucose increased the NMDA receptor current for at least one hour after returning glucose to basal levels (P < 0.05; N = 8). The increased current was blocked by an orexin 1 receptor antagonist (P < 0.05; N = 5). Low glucose caused a similar persistent enhancement of AMPA receptor currents (P < 0.05; N = 7). An overnight fast increased the AMPA/NMDA receptor current ratio, an in vivo index of glutamate plasticity, on putative VTA DA neurons. Conditioned place preference (CPP) for palatable food was measured during LH dialysis with glucose. CPP score was negatively correlated with increasing LH glucose (P < 0.05; N = 20). These data suggest that increased activation of LH orexin-GI neurons in low glucose after weight loss, leads to enhanced glutamate signaling on VTA DA neurons, increases the drive to eat rewarding food, and may contribute to weight regain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral hypothalamic orexin glucose-inhibited neurons may regulate reward-based feeding by modulating glutamate transmission in the ventral tegmental area

et al. 2020

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“…Having fewer meals/24-hours with large amounts of energy dense food consumed at each meal has been shown to promote overeating, and is associated with high total energy intake, especially in overweight individuals 39 . Although the mechanism behind this relationship is not clear, a recent randomized clinical trial suggests that lower dietary energy density is related to a decrease in the hunger-stimulating hormone, ghrelin, and an increase in peptide YY, a satiety hormone 14 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However the impact of a greater energy load in the evening versus the morning has not been thoroughly explored. Evidence suggests that reduction in dietary energy density 14 and increased nutrient density 15 are favorable for weight management. Here, we explore associations between number of eating occasions and time of energy intake on dietary energy density, nutrient density and BMI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Eating Frequency and Time of Intake on Nutrient Quality and Body Mass Index: The INTERMAP Study, a Population-Based Study

Aljuraiban¹,

Chan²,

Griep³

et al. 2015

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

124

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Background Epidemiologic evidence is sparse on the effect of dietary behaviors and diet quality on body mass index (BMI) that may be important drivers of the obesity epidemic. Objective This study investigated the relationships of frequency of eating and time of intake to energy density, nutrient quality and BMI using data from the INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure (INTERMAP) including 2,696 men and women aged 40-59 from the United States and the United Kingdom. Design INTERMAP is a cross-sectional investigation with four 24-hour dietary recalls and BMI measurements conducted between 1996 and 1999. Consumption of solid foods was aggregated into eating occasion. Nutrient density is expressed using the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF 9.3) index. The ratio of evening/morning energy intake was calculated; mean values of four visits were used. Statistical analyses performed Characteristics across eating occasion categories are presented as adjusted mean with corresponding 95% confidence interval. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine associations of eating occasions, ratio of evening/morning energy intake, dietary energy density, and NRF 9.3 index with BMI. Results Compared to participants with < 4 eating occasions/24-hours, those with ≥ 6 eating occasions/24-hours had lower mean: BMI: 27.3 vs. 29.0 kg/m2; total energy intake: 2,129 vs. 2,472 kcal/24-hours; dietary energy density: 1.5 vs. 2.1 kcal/g; and higher NRF 9.3 index: 34.3 vs. 28.1. In multiple regression analyses, higher evening intake relative to morning intake was directly associated with BMI; however this did not influence the relationship between eating frequency and BMI. Conclusions Our results suggest that a larger number of small meals may be associated with improved diet quality and lower BMI. This may have implications for behavioral approaches to controlling the obesity epidemic.

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“…56 For example, weight loss (whether resulting from reduced food intake or increased energy expenditure through physical activity) is accompanied by an increase in ghrelin level. 61 In its turn, weight gain (due to excessive caloric intake, high-fat diets, or else iatrogenic or pregnancy-related) 56,62 is accompanied by a decrease in ghrelin levels. Reduced ghrelin secretion in obese patients was found to be an adaptive mechanism to a long-term positive energy balance.…”

Section: Ghrelin and Weight Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ghrelin in energy balance and body weight homeostasis

Mihalache¹,

Gherasim²,

Niţă³

et al. 2016

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ghrelin is a gut peptide composed of 28 amino acids mostly secreted in the gastric fundus mucosa. It was isolated and described in 1999 by Kojima et al. and only three years later its specific receptor, ghsR1a, was also identified. ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the gh secretagogue receptor, is the only peripheral orexigenic hormone that activates the receptors to be found especially in the appetite center (hypothalamus and pituitary gland). ghrelin is present in human plasma in two forms: an inactive form known as deacylated ghrelin, and an active form called acylated ghrelin synthesized under the action of ghrelin O-acyltransferase enzyme (gOAT). The literature even mentions an extremely complex ghrelin/gOAT/ghsR system involved in the regulation of human energy, metabolism and adaptation of energy homeostasis to environmental changes. In humans, there is a preprandial rise and a postprandial fall in plasma ghrelin levels, which strongly suggest that the peptide plays a physiological role in meal initiation and may be employed in determining the amount and quality of ingested food. Besides the stimulation of food intake, ghrelin determines a decrease in energy expenditure and promotes the storage of fatty acids in adipocytes. Thus, in the human body ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, an increased adiposity gain, as well as an increase in caloric storage, seen as an adaptive mechanism to caloric restriction conditions. In the current world context, when we are witnessing an increasing availability of food and a reduction of energy expenditure to a minimum level, these mechanisms have become pathogenic. As a consequence, the hypothesis that ghrelin is involved in the current obesity epidemic has been embraced by many scholars and researchers

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Ghrelin and peptide YY increase with weight loss during a 12-month intervention to reduce dietary energy density in obese women

Cited by 26 publications

References 57 publications

Lateral hypothalamic orexin glucose-inhibited neurons may regulate reward-based feeding by modulating glutamate transmission in the ventral tegmental area

Lateral hypothalamic orexin glucose-inhibited neurons may regulate reward-based feeding by modulating glutamate transmission in the ventral tegmental area

The Impact of Eating Frequency and Time of Intake on Nutrient Quality and Body Mass Index: The INTERMAP Study, a Population-Based Study

Effects of ghrelin in energy balance and body weight homeostasis

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