Ghrelin is Supressed by Intravenous Alcohol and is Related to Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol

Ralevski, Elizabeth; Horváth, Tamas L.; Shanabrough, Marya; Hayden, Ryan; Newcomb, Jenelle; Petrakis, Ismene L.

doi:10.1093/alcalc/agx022

Cited by 40 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Leptin peaks during sleep and reaches its nadir upon awakening (Shea, Hilton, Orlova, Ayers, & Mantzoros, ), while ghrelin increases from midnight to dawn, appearing to peak mid‐morning if no breakfast is eaten (Cummings et al, ). We also note that just as there are individual differences in fasting or baseline glucose levels, similar individual differences can be observed for other metabolic markers such as ghrelin (e.g., Ralevski et al, ). In light of these temporal and within‐subject dynamics, researchers (1) should consider whether the psychological phenomenon of interest is acute or chronic, (2) should assay or administer the hormones at the same time of day across participants (or control for time of day in analyses), (3) should always incorporate fasting or a standardized meal into the laboratory paradigm, (4) should include within‐subject measures whenever possible (e.g., measure baseline and “reactivity”; use a randomized crossover design), and (5) should assess the last 24 hrs of sleep and food history for possible inclusion as covariates.…”

Section: Methodological Considerationssupporting

confidence: 64%

“…A growing body of evidence in both rodents and humans implicates ghrelin and its receptors in drug‐related reward responses (e.g., Wenthur et al, ; Zallar et al, ; see also Morris, Voon, & Leggio, , for review). For example, in humans, individuals with higher fasting ghrelin appear to be more reward sensitive and report experiencing more intense, longer lasting subjective effects in response to intravenous alcohol administration relative to saline placebo (Ralevski et al, , ; this work used ethanol rather than alcohol ingestion, which contains carbohydrates, in order to disentangle the pleasure induced by ethanol from alcohol's caloric value). In the context of addiction wherein reward is highly conditioned, blocking ghrelin receptors in rodent brains can reduce the craving component of nicotine‐dependence and alcoholism (review in Panagopoulos & Ralevski, ).…”

Section: From Body To Mind: Leptin and Ghrelin May Contribute To Affementioning

confidence: 99%

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The metabolic mind: A role for leptin and ghrelin in affect and social cognition

MacCormack

Muscatell

2019

Social & Personality Psych

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Leptin and ghrelin are metabolic hormones central to energy regulation in the body. Theories of allostasis suggest that metabolism could matter for more than just food intake and weight regulation but also ultimately for psychological processes, such as affect and social cognition. Allostasis is the process by which the brain monitors ongoing physiological states and, in turn, regulates physiology based on expectations about how a given situation will impact the self. Motivated by this allostatic perspective, we argue that leptin and ghrelin may be influenced by and even contribute to psychological processes such as affect and social cognition. Specifically, we review literature suggesting that leptin and ghrelin may be sensitive to social affective signals and related contexts (e.g., social status, and social threat vs. support), given that these signals and contexts may represent access to tangible physical and psychological resources that support allostasis and metabolic needs. We then review literature showing that leptin, ghrelin, and associated metabolic states may feed into the construction of social affective states and behaviors (e.g., emotion and risk taking), in order to motivate behaviors in line with allostatic needs. We close by offering guidelines for researchers interested in contributing to this emerging field and highlight opportunities for future research. We believe that leptin and ghrelin offer exciting new directions for social and affective scientists interested in linking the mind, brain, and body.

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Section: Methodological Considerationssupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: From Body To Mind: Leptin and Ghrelin May Contribute To Affementioning

confidence: 99%

The metabolic mind: A role for leptin and ghrelin in affect and social cognition

MacCormack

Muscatell

2019

Social & Personality Psych

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Ralevski et al . () found that fasting plasma levels of acylated and total ghrelin were significant predictors of alcohol‐related stimulant and sedative effects in a sample of healthy social drinkers. They were able to show that higher fasting ghrelin levels are associated with longer lasting and more intense subjective effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues in alcohol‐addicted subjects: a functional imaging study

et al. 2018

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Ghrelin has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence, affecting alcohol self-administration and craving. However, the mechanism of action in alcohol dependence still has to be determined. We thus investigated whether ghrelin is associated with mesolimbic cue reactivity to alcohol cues and alcohol craving in recently detoxified alcohol-addicted subjects. We included 41 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent individuals. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study mesolimbic cue reactivity during the presentation of alcohol-related pictures. Additionally, we assessed patients' alcohol craving using the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire and a visual analogue scale. Plasma concentrations of total and acylated (activated) ghrelin were measured in parallel to the fMRI session. The association between ghrelin plasma concentrations, mesolimbic cue reactivity and alcohol craving was assessed by performing correlation and mediation analyses. Alcohol-induced brain response in a network of brain clusters, including the right and left ventral striatum, showed a significant positive association with acylated ghrelin plasma concentration. Additionally, acylated ghrelin was significantly associated with craving. Mediation analyses showed that the association between acylated ghrelin plasma concentration and alcohol craving is mediated by a cue-induced brain response in the ventral striatum. Based on the finding that ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues, the following should be considered: If alcohol craving and the appetitive status were interrelated, this has to be taken into account when implementing fMRI studies for addictive disorders. Moreover, appetite regulation seems to represent a valid treatment target for reducing cue reactivity in addictive disorders.

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“…It has been suggested that although the hypothalamus primarily regulates the homeostatic drive to eat, these other neural circuits integrate environmental and emotional factors to control the ‘hedonic’ drive. Ralevski et al [ 83 ] revealed that intravenous alcohol infusion significantly suppresses ghrelin level in healthy social drinkers, suggesting that ghrelin may have a role in the rewarding mechanism for alcohol. Nonetheless, homeostatic signals access reward-related brain areas to influence the behavior.…”

Section: Ghrelin Influences the Hedonic And Incentive Responses To Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, regulates energy balance and lipid metabolism

et al. 2018

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Ghrelin, an acylated peptide hormone of 28 amino acids, is an endogenous ligand of the released growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin has been isolated from human and rat stomach and is also detected in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Ghrelin receptor is primarily located in the neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein neurons. Many previous studies have shown that ghrelin and GHSR are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and its administration can increase food intake and body weight gain. AMP-activated protein kinase is activated by ghrelin in the hypothalamus, which contributes to lower intracellular long-chain fatty acid level. Ghrelin appears to modulate the response to food cues via a neural network involved in the regulation of feeding and in the appetitive response to food cues. It also increases the response of brain areas involved in visual processing, attention, and memory to food pictures. Ghrelin is also an important factor linking the central nervous system with peripheral tissues that regulate lipid metabolism. It promotes adiposity by the activation of hypothalamic orexigenic neurons and stimulates the expression of fat storage-related proteins in adipocytes. Meanwhile, ghrelin exerts direct peripheral effects on lipid metabolism, including increase in white adipose tissue mass, stimulation of lipogenesis in the liver, and taste sensitivity modulation.

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Ghrelin is Supressed by Intravenous Alcohol and is Related to Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol

Cited by 40 publications

References 37 publications

The metabolic mind: A role for leptin and ghrelin in affect and social cognition

The metabolic mind: A role for leptin and ghrelin in affect and social cognition

Ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues in alcohol‐addicted subjects: a functional imaging study

Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, regulates energy balance and lipid metabolism

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