Giardia and Cryptosporidium in mammalian wildlife – current status and future needs

Appelbee, A.J.; Thompson, R.C.A.; Olson, Merle E.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.004

Cited by 230 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…For reasons of comparison, it might therefore, be interesting to study Giardia assemblages from asymptomatic patients. The majority of G. duodenalis in livestock belongs to Assemblage E and a minority to Assemblage A (Ey et al, 1997, Hunt et al, 2000, Becher et al, 2004and Read et al, 2004Appelbee et al, 2005;Giangaspero et al, 2005). However, in most studies the molecular identification was based on A-and B-specific PCR and not on analysing the gdh-derived DNA sequence product.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flagellated protozoan Giardia is an intestinal parasite that can infect many species in the animal kingdom including mammalian, avian and reptilian wildlife, domesticated animals and humans (Thompson, 2004 andAppelbee et al, 2005). Of the morphologically defined Giardia species, Giardia muris, Giardia microti, Giardia agilis, Giardia psicatti and Giardia duodenalis (syn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotyping of Giardia in Dutch patients and animals: A phylogenetic analysis of human and animal isolates

Giessen

Vries

Roos

et al. 2006

International Journal for Parasitology

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Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis) is a protozoan organism that can infect the intestinal tract of many animal species including mammals. Genetic heterogeneity of G. duodenalis is well described but the zoonotic potential is still not clear. In this study, we analysed 100 Giardia DNA samples directly isolated from human stool specimens, to get more insight in the different G. duodenalis assemblages present in the Dutch human population. Results showed that these human isolates could be divided into two main Assemblages A and B within the G. duodenalis group on the basis of PCR assays specific for the Assemblages A and B and the DNA sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA and the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Genotyping results showed that G. duodenalis isolates originating from Dutch human patients belonged in 35% of the cases to Assemblage A (34/98) and in 65% of the cases to Assemblage B (64/98) whereas two human cases remained negative in all assays tested. In addition, we compared these human samples with animal samples from the Netherlands and human and animal samples from other countries. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the DNA sequences obtained from these Giardia and those available in GenBank. Using gdh DNA sequence analysis, human and animal Assemblage A and B Giardia isolates could be identified. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed different sub-clustering for human and animal isolates where host-species-specific assemblages (C, D, E, F and G) could be identified. The geographic origin of the human and animal samples was not a discriminating factor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Giardia in Dutch patients and animals: A phylogenetic analysis of human and animal isolates

Giessen

Vries

Roos

et al. 2006

International Journal for Parasitology

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“…The current known status of G. duodenalis in mammalian wildlife has been recently reviewed (Appelbee et al, 2005). Results from prevalence studies that are supported with molecular-genotyping, particularly in defined locations where the animal/environment interactions have been characterized will be of paramount importance in furthering our understanding of transmission dynamics and G. duodenalis epidemiology (Appelbee et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results from prevalence studies that are supported with molecular-genotyping, particularly in defined locations where the animal/environment interactions have been characterized will be of paramount importance in furthering our understanding of transmission dynamics and G. duodenalis epidemiology (Appelbee et al, 2005). Animals within water catchments may contaminate water supplies and, therefore, represent a public health concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardia Duodenalis Cysts Isolated From Wild Moose and Reindeer in Norway: Genetic Characterization by PCR-RFLP and Sequence Analysis at Two Genes

Robertson

Forberg

Hermansen

et al. 2007

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:There are few genotyping studies of Giardia duodenalis isolates from cervid hosts, although a previous study suggested that cervids may be a source of infection for humans and cattle. Giardia duodenalis isolates collected from wild moose (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Norway during 2002 and 2003 were characterized by polymerase chain reactionrestriction fraction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) at the b-giardin gene, and sequence analysis at both the b-giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. All results suggested that these isolates (n525) belonged to assemblage A. Three different restriction patterns were obtained with PCR-RFLP, one of which has previously been associated with assemblage A. At the b-giardin gene, sequences from six reindeer isolates and one moose isolate were identical to a previously published assemblage A sequence from G. duodenalis cysts isolated from dairy calves. The other 10 moose isolates could be divided into five groups, with between two and 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the published genotype A2. At the gdh gene, three different sequences were obtained, differing from each other by between one and 15 SNPs and which have all been previously published as genotype A1, but with different specific hosts. Grouping of the isolates based on the sequences from both genes gave complex results; whereas all the G. duodenalis isolates from reindeer grouped together, two moose isolates, which had identical sequences at the b-giardin gene, had sequences that differed from each other by 15 SNPs at the gdh gene. The results of these studies, together with the large Norwegian populations of these cervids and the amount of fecal matter they produce, indicate that moose and reindeer may be significant reservoirs of G. duodenalis infection in Norway, which may be of importance to veterinary and public health.

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“…States and Canada [21][22][23], muskoxen in the Canadian arctic [24], nonhuman primates (gorillas) and painted dogs in Africa [25], marsupials in Australia, house mice in remote islands [26], and marine mammals (seals) in various parts of the world [27].…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Giardiasis Epidemiology

Quispe¹

2017

Current Topics in Giardiasis

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Giardiasis is the intestinal infection caused by Giardia lamblia, in which pathogenicity was cast doubted for decades but now is recognized as one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. Originally described as waterborne transmited, it has been broad described as of fecal-oral, person-to-person contact, and sexual transmission also. Although it is recognized as endemic throughout the world, most cases are reported from tropical countries with regular outbreaks commonly reported from developed countries. In humans, giardiasis normally produces a self-limited infection without symptoms, but some patients may present intestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, and few show symptoms long after parasites clear up. Upon diagnosis, we may choose among several efective treatment alternatives, but not every patient responds to such therapies. Hence, having speciic knowledge about the epidemiology of Giardia, it is critical for its prevention, which is the best strategy to protect us against such important disease.

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Giardia and Cryptosporidium in mammalian wildlife – current status and future needs

Cited by 230 publications

References 64 publications

Genotyping of Giardia in Dutch patients and animals: A phylogenetic analysis of human and animal isolates

Genotyping of Giardia in Dutch patients and animals: A phylogenetic analysis of human and animal isolates

Giardia Duodenalis Cysts Isolated From Wild Moose and Reindeer in Norway: Genetic Characterization by PCR-RFLP and Sequence Analysis at Two Genes

Giardiasis Epidemiology

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