Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: Systematic review of 20 years of publications

Coelho, Camila H.; Durigan, Maurício; Leal, Diego Averaldo Guiguet; Schneider, Adriano de Bernardi; Franco, Regina Maura Bueno; Singer, Steven M.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006005

Cited by 66 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…This infection can present a broad range of clinical signs, such as asymptomatic acute or chronic diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, malabsorption, weight loss, nausea and impotence. The distribution of this parasitic infection varies within 2-7% and 20-30% in the developed and developing countries, respectively [23,24]. The prevalence of giardiasis seems to increase in the areas where sanitation and personal hygiene is inadequately observed [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional analysis of intestinal parasitic infections among the general population in north of Iran

Pagheh

Sharif

Daryani

et al. 2018

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infection (IPIs) is one of the most important health problems in the developing countries. Study on the prevalence of IPIs in various communities is a prerequisite for the development of appropriate control strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among the general population in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Methodology: This study was conducted on 4,788 specimens collected from 17 urban areas (2,515 samples) and 34 rural areas (2,273 samples) within January-December 2016. Fecal specimens were examined by direct wet mounting, formalin-ether concentration, modified ZiehlNeelsen, and trichrome staining methods. Results: The overall infection rate of intestinal parasite was 14.2% (680/ 4,788). Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia were identified as the most frequent parasites. Protozoa, helminths, and polyparasitism (co-infections with two or more parasite species) were observed in 12.3%, 1.03%, and 0.85% of the specimens, respectively. Furthermore, IPIs showed a significant association with household income, place of residence, washing of vegetables, exposure to soil and season (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings, parasitic infections are still a major public health concern in the north of Iran that requires special attention. Therefore, the major key to success in the prevention of IPIs is the execution of some interventions, including patient screening and treatment, public education, and improvement of sanitary conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional analysis of intestinal parasitic infections among the general population in north of Iran

Pagheh

Sharif

Daryani

et al. 2018

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…A giardíase é endêmica no mundo, com variações na prevalência e incidência entre populações e localizações geográficas [61]. A população canina brasileira é estimada em 28 milhões, incluindo mais de 22 milhões de cães errantes, o que pode ser explicado parcialmente pela grande disponibilidade de alimentos nas ruas (obtidas no lixo) e as condições climáticas [15], influenciado também pela ausência de posse responsável.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Uma revisão sistemática constatou que a prevalência de cistos de Giardia em cães no Brasil variou de 0,8% a 45%. Em diversas regiões do Brasil, esta prevalência esteve entre 8,4% a 11,1%, com base em exames microscópicos [11,15,31,46]. Os dados obtidos nos arquivos do LEPA, refletem uma prevalência semelhante de Giardia sp.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Retrospective and Comparative Study of Giardia sp. Prevalence in Dogs, Cats, and Small Ruminants in Endemic Areas in Different Brazilian States

Moraes

Neto

Oliveira

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Giardia, an intestinal parasite of asexual reproduction, is an important etiologic agent of diarrhea in animals and humans, transmitted by orofecal route. The disease caused by this agent, giardiasis, is endemic in the world and representing an important public health problem. The aim of the present study was do a retrospective study to determine the prevalence of Giardia sp. in fecal samples from dogs, cats, sheep and goats (small ruminants) evaluated at FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP. In addition, this study presents a review of the literature on the prevalence of this protozoan in dogs, cats and small ruminants in different states of Brazil, according to the environmental of these animals. Materials, Methods & Results:During 2011 to 2017, 2,698 fecal samples of dogs, 359 fecal samples of cats and 320 fecal samples of goats and sheep were analyzed. A total of 18.9% of the dogs, 24.8% of the cats, and 6.6% of the goats and sheep were positive for Giardia sp. Only previous studies that used the zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation (Faust technique) were included for comparation of prevalence. The prevalence of Giardia sp. in samples of centrifugation-fluctuation in zinc sulfate was similar in dogs, higher in cats and lower for small ruminants when compared to previous investigations. 4.4% and 6.7% of the positive samples from dogs and cats, respectively, were associated with some co-infection. Co-infections by Cystoisospora spp., Ancylostoma spp. and/ or Toxocara spp. were the most common for dogs and cats. Discussion: This study reveals the presence of Giardia sp. in different animal species in an endemic area. The results are similar to the prevalence previous reported in dogs, and higher in cats using the same diagnostic technique (Faust technique). Co-infections by Cystoisospora spp., Ancylostoma spp. and/ or Toxocara spp. were the most common for dogs and cats, as well-known in previous studies. Investigations with household, shelter and stray dogs found a significantly lower occurrence of Giardia sp. in the group of household dogs. However, for cats these comparisons should made with caution. Despite having a owner, some of these cats have free access to the streets, so they might be more expose to the sources of infection. There are few previous reports of the presence of Giardia sp. in goats and sheep, which presented much higher prevalence when compared with this study. This variation in prevalance of Giardia sp. in small ruminants can occur due to differences inherent to each region in Brazil, as well as the presence of risck factors regarding animal age, type of raising of the animals, hygienic-sanitary and management conditions, and the presence of domestic animals inside sheep and goat installations, which can potentially favor the mechanical transmission of cysts or reservoirs of this parasite. Therefore, due to regional variations in this parasite prevalence, this information is more value in regional areas, reaffirming the importance of this kind of studies in brazilian states and cities. The...

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“…The prevalence of intestinal protozoa infections is greater than that of helminth infections in Brazil . These parasites are unicellular organisms that during acute infections induce a type 1 immune response that is essential to control parasite replication …”

Section: Protozoa and Allergy In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of intestinal protozoa infections is greater than that of helminth infections in Brazil. [97][98][99][100][101][102] These parasites are unicellular organisms that during acute infections induce a type 1 immune response that is essential to control parasite replication. [103][104][105] Giardia lamblia elicits both a cellular and humoral immune response, inducing cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), 106 interferon (IFN)-y 107,108 and interleukin (IL)-17, 109 as well as nitric oxide (NO), 110 production of antigiardial IgA antibodies 111,112 and intestinal mastocytosis.…”

Section: Protozoa and Allergy In B R A Zilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasites and allergy: Observations from Brazil

Andrade

Carneiro

Cerqueira

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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Brazil is a middle-income country undergoing the epidemiological transition. Effects of changes in daily life habits and access to clean water, sanitation and urban services on a growing urban population have contributed to a double burden of both infectious and noncommunicable chronic diseases. Studies have indicated that parasite infections may modulate the human immune system and influence the development of allergic conditions such as asthma. However, there is no consensus in the published literature on the effects of parasitic infections on allergy, perhaps as a consequence of factors determining the epidemiology of these infections that vary between populations such as age of first infection, duration and chronicity of infections, parasite burden and species, and host genetic susceptibility. In this review, we discuss the observations from Brazil concerning the relationship between parasite infections and allergy.

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Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: Systematic review of 20 years of publications

Cited by 66 publications

References 85 publications

A cross-sectional analysis of intestinal parasitic infections among the general population in north of Iran

A cross-sectional analysis of intestinal parasitic infections among the general population in north of Iran

Retrospective and Comparative Study of Giardia sp. Prevalence in Dogs, Cats, and Small Ruminants in Endemic Areas in Different Brazilian States

Parasites and allergy: Observations from Brazil

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