Gigahertz single-electron pumping in silicon with an accuracy better than 9.2 parts in 107

Yamahata, Gento; Giblin, S. P.; Kataoka, M.; Karasawa, T.; Fujiwara, Akira

doi:10.1063/1.4953872

Cited by 68 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Exceptionally stable examples of this model of DVM have demonstrated stability of the calibration factor as good as a few parts in 10 8 per day 21 . However, our experience in this study, and with previous studies at NPL 6,8,15 is that the C could change by up to a few parts in 10 7 per day. Even with daily calibrations directly against a Josephson array, as in the MIKES measurements, the use of a rectangular distribution yielded a typical relative uncertainty due to drift of around 10 −7 .…”

Section: Npl High-precision Measurement Setupsupporting

confidence: 38%

Realisation of a quantum current standard at liquid helium temperature with sub-ppm reproducibility

et al. 2020

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A silicon electron pump operating at the temperature of liquid helium has demonstrated repeatable operation with sub-ppm accuracy. The pump current, approximately 168 pA, is measured by three laboratories, and the measurements agree with the expected current ef within the uncertainties which range from 0.2 ppm to 1.3 ppm. All the measurements are carried out in zero applied magnetic field, and the pump drive signal is a sine wave. The combination of simple operating conditions with high accuracy demonstrates the possibility that an electron pump can operate as a current standard in a National Measurement Institute. We also discuss other practical aspects of using the electron pump as a current standard, such as testing its robustness to changes in the control parameters, and using a rapid tuning procedure to locate the optimal operation point.

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Section: Npl High-precision Measurement Setupsupporting

confidence: 38%

Realisation of a quantum current standard at liquid helium temperature with sub-ppm reproducibility

et al. 2020

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“…Single‐gate pumps have been implemented using silicon nanowires and etched GaAl/GaAsAl nanowires. Recent improvements have led to accuracy better than

1.2 \times 10^{- 6}

for a 150 pA generated current making these devices promising for current standards in quantum metrology. Similar devices combined with quantum Hall effect may give a short path to metrology triangle closure .…”

Section: Single‐electron Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levitons for electron quantum optics

Glattli

Roulleau

2016

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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Single electron sources enable electron quantum optics experiments where single electrons emitted in a ballistic electronic interferometer plays the role of a single photons emitted in an optical medium in Quantum Optics. A qualitative step has been made with the recent generation of single charge levitons obtained by applying Lorentzian voltage pulse on the contact of the quantum conductor. Simple to realize and operate, the source emits electrons in the form of striking minimal excitation states called levitons. We review the striking properties of levitons and their possible applications in quantum physics to electron interferometry and entanglement. Copyright line will be provided by the publisher 1 Single electron sources In this introduction, we will distinguish single charge sources from coherent single electrons sources. The former have been developed for quantum metrology where the goal is to transfer an integer charge at high frequency f through a conductor with good accuracy to realize a quantized current source whose current I = ef shows metrological accuracy. The latter, the coherent single electrons source, aims at emitting (injecting) a single electron whose wave-function is well defined and controlled to realize further single electron coherent manipulation via quantum gates. The gates are provided by electronic beam-splitters made with Quantum Point Contacts or provided by electronic Mach-Zehnder and FabryProt interferometers. Here it is important that the injected single electron is the only excitation created in the conductor. The frequency f of injection is not chosen to have a large current, as current accuracy is not the goal, but only to get sufficient statistics on the electron transfer events to extract physical information. single charge sources for current standardsThe first manipulation of single charges trace back to the early 90's where physicists took advantage of charge quantization of a submicronic metallic island nearly isolated from leads by tunnel barriers. The finite energy E C = e 2 /2C to charge the small capacitor C with a single charge being larger than temperature (typically one kelvin for

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“…In these measurements, ppm or sub-ppm quantization accuracy at up to 1 GHz has been demonstrated. However, the accuracy of this kind of SE pump significantly degrades with increasing frequency15171921; in earlier work, we demonstrated the highest-speed operation at 6.5 GHz but with accuracy limited to about 1000 ppm20. One possible cause of the degradation is that the charging energy relevant to determining the charge quanization accuracy is frequency dependent15.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Recently, several high-accuracy current measurements using tunable-barrier SE pumps, in which SEs are transferred via an electrically defined charge island, have been performed for GaAs171819 and Si20. In these measurements, ppm or sub-ppm quantization accuracy at up to 1 GHz has been demonstrated.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-accuracy current generation in the nanoampere regime from a silicon single-trap electron pump

Yamahata

Giblin

Kataoka

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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A gigahertz single-electron (SE) pump with a semiconductor charge island is promising for a future quantum current standard. However, high-accuracy current in the nanoampere regime is still difficult to achieve because the performance of SE pumps tends to degrade significantly at frequencies exceeding 1 GHz. Here, we demonstrate robust SE pumping via a single-trap level in silicon up to 7.4 GHz, at which the pumping current exceeds 1 nA. An accuracy test with an uncertainty of about one part per million (ppm) reveals that the pumping current deviates from the ideal value by only about 20 ppm at the flattest part of the current plateau. This value is two orders of magnitude better than the best one reported in the nanoampere regime. In addition, the pumping accuracy is almost unchanged up to 7.4 GHz, probably due to strong electron confinement in the trap. These results indicate that trap-mediated SE pumping is promising for achieving the practical operation of the quantum current standard.

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Gigahertz single-electron pumping in silicon with an accuracy better than 9.2 parts in 107

Cited by 68 publications

References 48 publications

Realisation of a quantum current standard at liquid helium temperature with sub-ppm reproducibility

Realisation of a quantum current standard at liquid helium temperature with sub-ppm reproducibility

Levitons for electron quantum optics

High-accuracy current generation in the nanoampere regime from a silicon single-trap electron pump

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