Gill disease of marine fish caused by infection with <i>Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis</i>

Munday, B. L.; Zilberg, Dina; Findlay, VL

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00329.x

Cited by 161 publications

(170 citation statements)

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“…If left untreated, AGD can cause significant mortality, up to 10% of livestock per week (Munday et al, 2001). The economic cost of a challenging issue is often the catalyst with regards to prioritizing research and the management of resources (Costello, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Non-destructive Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Neoparamoeba perurans

et al. 2017

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Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by Neoparamoeba perurans, has emerged in Europe as a significant problem for the Atlantic salmon farming industry. Gross gill score is the most widely used and practical method for determining AGD severity on farms and informing management decisions on disease mitigation strategies. As molecular diagnosis of AGD remains a high priority for much of the international salmon farming industry, there is a need to evaluate the suitability of currently available molecular assays in conjunction with the most appropriate non-destructive sampling methodology. The aims of this study were to assess a non-destructive sampling methodology (gill swabs) and to compare a range of currently available real-time polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of N. perurans. Furthermore a comparison of the nondestructive molecular diagnostics with traditional screening methods of gill scoring and histopathology was also undertaken. The study found that all molecular protocols assessed performed well in cases of clinical AGD with high gill scores. A TaqMan based assay (protocol 1) was the optimal assay based on a range of parameters including % positive samples from a field trial performed on fish with gill scores ranging from 0 to 5. A higher proportion of gill swab samples tested positive by all protocols than gill filament biopsies and there was a strong correlation between gill swabs tested by protocol 1 and gross gill score and histology scores. Screening for N. perurans using protocol 1 in conjunction with non-destructive gill swab samples was shown to give the best results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Non-destructive Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Neoparamoeba perurans

et al. 2017

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“…C. concavicornis is a harmful marine diatom that irritates the gills of fish leading to excessive mucus production and accumulation, and subsequent mortality (Yang & Albright 1992). LCEE has apparently been tested as an in-feed mucolytic additive for AGD-affected Atlantic salmon without success (as stated by Munday et al 2001), although no experimental design, method, or actual results were given.The aim of this study was to firstly assess whether LCEE actively reduces the viscosity of marine Atlantic salmon mucus, in vitro, and at what concentrations. The mucus layer between salmonid species has been shown to significantly differ, and may hold implications for treatments that target the mucus layer (Roberts & Powell 2005a,b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Oral l-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) reduces amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Roberts

Powell²

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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There is a need for the development of alternative therapeutic treatments for amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. to maintain the sustainability of the Tasmanian Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. This study aimed to assess the effects of the mucolytic drug L-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) on marine Atlantic salmon mucus and whether or not it may have a therapeutic advantage for the alleviation of AGD when administered orally. We also aimed to document any physiological consequences of LCEE. Results showed that LCEE significantly decreased the viscosity of marine Atlantic salmon mucus both in vitro, where LCEE concentration showed a negative relationship to mucus viscosity (R 2 = 0.95 at 11.5 s -1 ), and in vivo. Oral administration of LCEE at 52.7 mg LCEE kg -1 fish d -1 over 2 wk significantly delayed the progression of AGDassociated pathology during an aggressive, cohabitation induced, laboratory infection. Medicated fish had approximately 50% less gill filaments affected by AGD than control fed fish at 3 d postinfection when assessed using histology. Palatability of medicated feed was shown to be approximately 65% of control feed. No osmoregulatory disturbance was seen in medicated fish, although blood and whole body flux data indicated a slight acidosis coinciding with an increased plasma total ammonia concentration. However, both variables were within a tolerable physiological range and returned to control levels 3 d post-cessation of medicated feed. LCEE holds potential as an in-feed additive when administered over 2 wk prior to infection to delay the progression of AGD associated pathology. From the parameters measured, LCEE seems to have minimal physiological consequences after 2 wk of administration. KEY WORDS: Fish gill disease · Salmonid · In-feed treatment · Oral therapeutant · Mucolytic drug · Mucus viscosity · Physiological effects Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 66: [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] 2005 Roberts & Powell 2003a). It has been previously suggested that excessive branchial mucus impairs CO 2 excretion, leading to respiratory acidosis and subsequent death in AGD affected fish (Powell et al. 2000). The break-up and removal of mucus from the gills seems to be an important function of freshwater bathing as a treatment . Indeed, freshwater bathing has been shown to significantly decrease mucus viscosity of marine Atlantic salmon (Roberts 2004). Thinner and more removable mucus is thought to aid the significant lesion fragmentation and shedding of AGD lesion-associated hyperplastic gill tissue, as well as sloughing of gill-associated amoebae in soft, freshwater-bathed fish (Roberts & Powell 2003b).Therapeutic mucolytic drugs have been extensively used for the alleviation of respiratory diseases associated with excessive production and accumulation of mucus in humans and domestic animals. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a widely used mucolytic agent that by virtue of its free sulfhydryl group reacts w...

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“…Increase of mucous cells number is reported with different conditions such as bacterial gill disease (12), amoebic gill disease (26,30,33), high concentrations of ammonia (12,16), salinity (2,13), acidity (6,20), high pressure and low temparature (10). On the other hand, in conditions of high concentrations of ammonia (16), low pH (37), high concentrations of aluminum (29), heavy metals (18), substrat of diazinon (11) and acid plus aluminum (6), mucous cells size is increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histochemical characterization of glycoproteins in the gills of the carp

ŞENOL¹

2008

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:The characteristics of the mucous cells located in gills of the fish Cyprinus carpio were investigated. Mucous cells were determined from gill arc, gill body, primary and secondary lamellae. Mostly mucous cells had oval-globular shape throughout all regions. Histochemical analysis of the gill of Cyprinus carpio showed that mucous content included glycogene and/or oxidizable dioles (PAS +), neutral or acid-rich (PAS/AB pH 2.5 +), sialic acid residues (KOH/PAS +) and strong acid sulphated (AF +) glycoproteins (GPs). Except these mucosubstances, carboxyl groups and/or with sulphate esters (AB pH 2.5 +) strong sulphate (AB pH 0.5 +) (AF/AB pH 2.5 +), O-sulphate esters (AB pH 1+) glycoproteins were also determined.Key words: Cyprinus carpio, density, gill, glycoproteins, mucous cells Sazan (Cyprinus carpio) solungaç glikoproteinlerinin histokimyasal özellikleriÖzet: Cyprinus carpio solungaçlarında yer alan karakteristik mukus hücreleri incelendi. Mukus hücreleri solungaç arklarında, solungaç lamellerinde, primer ve sekonder lamellerde tespit edildi. Tüm bölgeler boyunca mukus hücrelerinin çoğu oval-yuvarlak bir şekle sahipti. Histokimyasal analizler solungaçlardaki mukus hücrelerinin glikojen ya da oksidizable diolleri (PAS +), nötral ya da asitce zengin (PAS/AB pH 2.5+), siyalik asid rezidulleri (KOH/PAS +) ve asitce zengin sulfatlı (AF +) glikoproteinleri içerdiği gösterildi. Bu mukosubstanslar dışında karboksil gruplu ya da sülfat esterli (AB pH 2.5 +) güçlü sülfatlı (AB pH 0.5 +) (AF/AB pH 2.5 +), O-sülfat esterli (AB pH 1+) glikoproteinler tespit edildi.

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Gill disease of marine fish caused by infection with Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis

Cited by 161 publications

References 24 publications

Evaluation of Non-destructive Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Neoparamoeba perurans

Evaluation of Non-destructive Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Neoparamoeba perurans

Oral l-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) reduces amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Histochemical characterization of glycoproteins in the gills of the carp

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