Ginger and its constituents: Role in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with obscure etiology, are rising and are of worldwide concern. Of the various components of IBD pathogenesis and progression, irritation appears to play a major part. Investigations on the molecular and cellular pathways that activate the IBD provide the focus for the development of useful therapies. Ginger (the rhizome of Zingiber officinale) has a broad spectrum of clinical applications due to its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative functions. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the key pathogenic factors in many diseases, including IBD. The most established components of ginger are phenolic compounds called gingerols. A wide range of pharmacological activities of the potential therapeutic benefit of Z. officinale have been detailed. In this regard, the anti‐inflammatory activity of ginger has been documented by many researchers. It was shown that ginger is a potent inhibitor of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), signal transducer of activators of transcription (STATs), Nod‐like receptor family proteins (NLRPs), toll‐like receptors (TLRs), mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and mTOR (mTOR) pathways, as well as inhibiting various pro‐inflammatory cytokines. In the present report, the potential application of ginger in the management of IBD is reviewed in detail, with an emphasis on the relevant properties of ginger and its bioactive components. The significance of the functions, side effects, and delivery of ginger to the digestive system for particular application in IBD are also considered.

Buspirone Ameliorates Colon Inflammation in TNBS-Induced Rat Acute Colitis: The Involvement of TLR4/NF-kB Pathway

“…When inflammation occurs, TLR4 is activated, which activates the NF-κB transcription factor via inflammatory signaling pathways that play an essential role in triggering and promoting IBD [27]. Previous studies have shown that IBD-induced inflammation can be alleviated by inhibiting the TLR4 receptor and NF-κB signaling pathway [33,34]. Thus, inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway can be considered one of the new approaches to treating IBD [35,36].…”

Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential of gingerols and their nanoformulations

“…It has been known as a folk medicine for thousands of years. Some regulatory authorities classify ginger as a safe herbal supplement ( Vemuri et al, 2017 ), and it has been used both in complementary and alternative medicine preparations for the management of fevers, colds, and headaches, as an appetite stimulant, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiarrheal, choleretic, anti-emetic, and expectorant, to name a few ( Dugasani et al, 2010 ; Embuscado, 2015 ; Konmun et al, 2017 ; de Menezes de Lima et al, 2018 ; Liang et al, 2018 ; Lashgari et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Numerous studies have focused on ginger extracts and the phenolic compounds isolated from them, showing that gingerols have various pharmacological effects, mainly 6-gingerol. These include antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-arteriosclerotic, rubefacient, digestive, and laxative effects ( Semwal et al, 2015 ; Hitomi et al, 2017 ; Samad et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2018a ; Ghasemzadeh et al, 2018 ; Han et al, 2018 ; Ho and Chang, 2018 ; Lee et al, 2018 ; Smith et al, 2018 ; Han et al, 2022a ; Lashgari et al, 2022 ).…”

“…There are few studies on the pharmacokinetics of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol ( Lashgari et al, 2022 ). A small number of ginger compounds addressed their tissue distribution.…”

Green Synthesize and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles Using Iranian Propolis Extracts

“…Some plants have medicinal properties that have led them to be used to manufacture NPs. Various plants, including Aloevera, Punica granatum, and Allium sativum, have been used to synthesize CuNPs [23,24].…”