Ginger (Zingiber officinale)-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver-Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is a novel development that has gained significant attention because of its low cost, nontoxicity, and environmental friendliness. In the present study, silver-doped stannic oxide (Ag-doped SnO 2 ) nanoparticle was synthesized by an eco-friendly green synthesis method. The synthesized samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy (UV−vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their antimicrobial activities were assessed against two bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aurus) and two fungi Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) by using the disk diffusion method. Ag-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles show a strong and broad absorption from UV−vis spectra when compared to pure SnO 2 nanoparticles. FTIR spectral analysis revealed that the peak at 505.69 cm −1 was assigned to Sn−O and O−Sn−O stretching vibration of SnO 2 nanoparticles. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a tetragonal rutile structure with average particle size ranging from 10 to 17 nm. The antimicrobial result indicates that the Ag-doped SnO 2 revealed significant antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungi strains with the zone of inhibition of 29 ± 0.54, 27 ± 0.05, 17 ± 0.05, and 15 ± 0.05 mm for S. aureus, E. coli, F. oxysporum , and F. graminearum, respectively. Thus, the studies suggested that Ag-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles exhibit good activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. This is because doping SnO 2 nanoparticles with metallic elements such as Ag has been used to enhance their performance, confirming them as a good candidate for antimicrobial agents and the development of future therapeutic agents

Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activities of Co3O4–ZnO Nanocomposites Using Calpurnia aurea Leaf Extract

“…Among several dyes, malachite green (MG), a highly poisonous and carcinogenic dye, is widely used in industries but can cause carcinogenesis, chromosomal fractures, mutagenesis, teratogenicity, and pulmonary toxicity. , The chemical structure of the malachite green oxalate (MG) dye is shown in Figure . Despite antibiotic resistance, infectious diseases continue to rise, necessitating the development of novel technology to protect the environment from harmful chemicals and harmful microbes …”

“…It reduces the destructive effects of traditional methods and uses plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae as reducing agents and capping agents. These biological materials help control morphology and stabilize nanoparticles, reducing the use of toxic chemicals and extreme environments. , …”

“…Benth has several local names in Ethiopia, including digita in Amharic and chekka in Afaan Oromo. Its high content of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and alkaloids aids in metal ion reduction and chelating agents . Secondary metabolic compounds from this plant have antibacterial capabilities against pathogenic bacterial strains like E.…”

“…Despite antibiotic resistance, infectious diseases continue to rise, necessitating the development of novel technology to protect the environment from harmful chemicals and harmful microbes. 4 …”

“…These biological materials help control morphology and stabilize nanoparticles, reducing the use of toxic chemicals and extreme environments. 4 , 14 …”