Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Root Capsules Enhance Analgesic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Diclofenac Sodium in Experimental Acute Inflammation

Abstract

Our study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and antioxidant effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root capsule extract (GRCE) in addition to diclofenac (D) sodium treatment in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation (AI). Seven groups of eight Wistar-Bratislava white rats were included in the study. One group was the control (C), and AI was induced in the other six groups. The following treatments were applied: saline solution for C and AI groups, D for the AID group, GRCE for two groups and GRCE and D for another two groups. The GRCE was administered by gavage in two doses (100 mg/Kg b.w. or 200 mg/kg b.w.), while D was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. The association of GRCE with this low dose of diclofenac reduced pain threshold and improved mobility with the best results for the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. Moreover, this combination reduced, better than D alone, the serum levels of the evaluated pro-oxidant parameters (malondialdehyde, the indirect assessment of NO synthesis, total oxidative status and oxidative stress index) up to 78%, especially oxidative stress index (p < 0.0001). GRCE alone slightly improved the antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity and total thiols), but when associated with, D the results were better, especially for total thiols as their plasma levels increased up to 50% (p < 0.0010), with the best results obtained for the 200 mg/kg b.w. dose of GRCE. In conclusion, ginger root capsules associated with diclofenac might offer additional antioxidant and analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in acute inflammation.

Adjuvant Effects of Lavandula angustifolia Oil in Experimental Carrageenan-Induced Thrombosis

“…The tissue levels of the biomarkers could also be of interest in the demonstration of efficacy as a preliminary step in translation toward investigations on humans. It might also be of interest to investigate the synergic effect of LO in combination with other natural compounds (e.g., curcumin [45][46][47], ginger [24], etc.) added to standard thrombosis treatment to minimize the side effects of standard medications.…”

“…The inflammatory response is accompanied by increased vascular permeability, infiltration of leukocytes, and other inflammatory mediators. In addition, it is known to stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, trypsin, and cytokines [24,25].…”

Zingiber officinale Root Capsule Extract Synergistically Enhance the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Experimental Acute Inflammation

“…As stated in the pamphlet, the capsules contain ginger (Zingiber officinale) (root extract) (guaranteed 12.5 mg (5%) gingerols). We had already reported the GRCE phytochemical analysis and toxicity evaluation in our previous paper [21]. The phytochemical analysis revealed that 10-gingerol (525.418 µg/mL), 6-gingerol (443.182 µg/mL), 8-gingerol (360.897 µg/mL), 6-shogaol (369.816 µg/mL), and 1-Dehydro-6-gingerdione (304.115 µg/mL) were the main compounds of GRCE [21].…”

“…We had already reported the GRCE phytochemical analysis and toxicity evaluation in our previous paper [21]. The phytochemical analysis revealed that 10-gingerol (525.418 µg/mL), 6-gingerol (443.182 µg/mL), 8-gingerol (360.897 µg/mL), 6-shogaol (369.816 µg/mL), and 1-Dehydro-6-gingerdione (304.115 µg/mL) were the main compounds of GRCE [21]. Injectable diclofenac sodium and saline solution (0.9%) were also purchased from a local pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca.…”

“…We previously observed that ginger (Zingiber officinale) root capsule extract (GRCE) potentiates the analgesic and antioxidant effects of diclofenac sodium in carrageenaninduced paw edema [21]. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root capsule extract when associated with diclofenac sodium in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation, as we assumed that GRCE might offer additional anti-inflammatory effects when compared to NSAIDs.…”