Ginseng berry aqueous extract prevents scopolamine‑induced memory impairment in mice

Abstract

Ginseng berry exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological activities. The present study aimed to examine the neuroprotective effects of ginseng berry aqueous extract (GBE) against oxidative stress and to assess the impact of GBE on memory impairment in mice. In HT-22 cells, GBE pretreatment significantly inhibited glutamate-and hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner, while treatment with up to 100 µg/ml GBE alone did not change cell viability. In a murine model of scopolamine (SCP)-induced memory impairment, results from the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test indicated that GBE administration for 4 weeks prolonged step-through latency time and shortened escape latency time, suggesting that GBE can attenuate deficits in long-term memory induced by SCP. Additionally, GBE prevented SCP-induced reductions in acetylcholine by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity and upregulating choline acetyltransferase mRNA levels in the hippocampus. GBE mitigated SCP-mediated mRNA decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and its associated signaling molecules. Furthermore, GBE administration significantly suppressed malondialdehyde production and increased glutathione levels, catalase activity and superoxide dismutase activity in SCP-induced memory impaired mice. Therefore, the results of the current study indicated that ginseng berry may be a potential candidate for treating or preventing memory deficits that are associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

Lemon Balm and Dandelion Leaf Extracts Synergistically Protect against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice

“…Total RNA was isolated from hepatic tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and reverse-transcribed using an oligo (dT) 16 . Real-time PCR was conducted, as described previously [18]. Primer sequences are listed in Table 1.…”

“…The relative quantification of specific genes was conducted using β-actin as an endogenous control, as described previously [19]. Glutathione levels and SOD and catalase activities in the liver homogenates were measured [18] and normalized to protein concentration.…”

Central Administration of Ampelopsin A Isolated from Vitis vinifera Ameliorates Cognitive and Memory Function in a Scopolamine-Induced Dementia Model

“…The exact mechanism of scopolamine action to ACh, ChAT, and ChE remains poorly understood. Since scopolamine has been used in the standard cognitive impairment model, there were a lot of literatures to show that the effects of scopolamine treatment can induce cognitive deficit through decreasing ACh contents and ChAT activities while increasing AChE activities in the hippocampus [ 10 , 56 , 57 ]. The stilbenoids, including ampelopsin A, have been studied as the potent AChE inhibitors for developing AD-targeting drugs [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

<p>Traditional Chinese Medicine Jiuwei Zhenxin Granules in Treating Depression: An Overview</p>

“…PG contains many effective ingredients, including panaxoside A, B, C, D, E, and F; monosaccharide; PG acid (a mixture of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid); vitamins (B1, B2, nicotinic acid, niacinamide, and pantothenic acid); amino acids; choline; enzymes (maltase, invertase, and esterase); spermine; and choleamine. 17,18 Previous studies have suggested that PG has many pharmacological effects, including anticancer, 19 antineuronal apoptosis, 20 antidiabetic, 21 anti-cognitive impairment, 22 antihypertensive, 23 and anti-fatigue 24 activities.…”