Ginseng Stem-Leaf Saponins in Combination with Selenium Promote the Immune Response in Neonatal Mice with Maternal Antibody

Abstract

Neonates acquire from their mothers maternal antibody (MatAb) which results in poor immune response to vaccination. We previously demonstrated that ginseng stem-leaf saponins in combination with selenium (GSe) had adjuvant effect on the immune response to an attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine. The present study was to evaluate GSe for its effect on the immune response to aPrV vaccine in neonatal mice with MatAb. Results showed that GSe had adjuvant effect on the immune response to aPrV vaccine in neonates. When GSe was co-administered with aPrV vaccine (aP-GSe), specific gB antibody, Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) responses were significantly increased in association with enhanced protection of vaccinated neonates against the lethal PrV challenge even though MatAb existed when compared to the neonates immunized with aPrV vaccine alone. GSe-enhanced immune response depended on its use in the primary immunization. The mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect of GSe may be due to more innate immune related pathways activated by GSe. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes from neonates immunized with aP-GSe, aPrV or saline solution showed that there were 3976 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in aP-GSe group while 5959 DEGs in aPrV group when compared to the control. Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis showed that innate immune responses and cytokine productions related terms or pathways were predominantly enriched in aP-GSe group, such as “NOD-like receptor signaling pathway”, “Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity”, “NF-κB signaling pathway”, “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction”, and “Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation”. Considering the potent adjuvant effect of GSe on aPrV vaccine in neonatal mice with MatAb, it deserves further investigation in piglets.

Differentially Expressed Genes and Signalling Pathways Regulated by High Selenium Involved in Antioxidant and Immune Functions of Goats Based on Transcriptome Sequencing

“…Indeed, both the NF-κB and MAPK pathways are responsive to ROS activation, resulting in the increased expression of cytokines, chemokines, and other factors involved in the inflammatory response in ruminants [ 43 ]. As a source of antioxidants, dietary supplementation with Se has been shown to enrich innate immune responses and cytokine-production-related terms and pathways, such as the NOD-like receptor signalling pathway, NF-κB signalling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, via KEGG and GO analysis in mice [ 44 ]. Hence, we found that Se supplementation inhibited the NOD-like receptor signalling pathway, suggesting that exogenous SY may attenuate oxidative stress injury and decrease inflammatory reactions, which may help relieve inflammation and adjust cytokine levels to increase antioxidant activity.…”

Safety and Efficacy of the Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccine Combined with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant and Multi-Omics Analysis of Its Potential Role in the Protective Response of Rabbits

“…RNA-seq-based transcriptomics allows the precise determination of transcript levels and has been used to elucidate the roles of adjuvants in various vaccine immunizations [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Moreover, proteomic technology provides information regarding changes in protein expression and posttranslational regulation.…”

Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus

“…The function of GSe as an adjuvant was also confirmed in neonatal mice carrying the maternal antibodies (MatAbs). Despite the presence of MatAbs, the specific gB antibody and cytokine responses in neonatal mice immunized with aPrV and saline-GSe were markedly increased, and the protection of vaccinated neonates was enhanced [ 153 ]. However, researching natural drugs against PrV is mostly in vitro and the experimental animal stage.…”