Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 protect cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate‐induced neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 53:426‐432.

Yc, Kim; Kim, SR; Markelonis, GJ; Oh, Tae Hee

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19981001)54:1<123::aid-jnr13>3.3.co;2-6

Cited by 27 publications

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“…From these results we concluded that there is a fine line between neuroprotective and toxic effects of ginsenosides. Similar dose-dependent phenomenon has been previously observed with Rb1 and Rg3 in experiments with cultured rat cortical neurons, however with somewhat wider therapeutic window (Kim et al 1998). It appears that at high concentrations ginsenosides are toxic to neurons, which compromises their ability to act as neuroprotective agents at high doses and limits their therapeutic window.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Prevention of ischemic neuronal death by intravenous infusion of ginsenoside Rb1 suggests that Rb1 may pass through blood brain barrier (Zhang et al 2006). It has also been shown that ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 can significantly attenuate glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical and hippocampal cells (Kim et al 2004; Kim et al 1998). In vivo studies demonstrated neuroprotective effects of Rb1, Rb3, and Rd ginsenosides in the 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) model of striatal neurodegeneration (Lian et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Rg3 belong to PPD saponin, while Rg1, Rg2, and Re belong to PPT saponin. Previous studies demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg3 protected cortical neurons from glutamate-induced cell death by blocking Ca 2+ influx through glutamate receptors (Kim et al 1998). It was also demonstrated that saponins extracted from ginseng could inhibit both NMDA-induced and glutamate-induced Ca 2+ increase in rat hippocampal neurons (Kim et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease

Jeong

Bulin

et al. 2009

J of Neuroscience Research

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Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is a widely used herbal medicine. Ginsenosides, the active ingredients of ginseng, are the main components responsible for many beneficial actions of ginseng. In the present study, we tested ten different ginsenosides in the previously developed in vitro Huntington's disease (HD) assay with primary medium spiny striatal neuronal cultures (MSN) from the YAC128 HD mouse model. We found that nanomolar concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rc effectively protected YAC128 medium spiny neurons from glutamate-induced apoptosis; and that Rg5 was protective at micromolar concentration. The other seven ginsenosides tested were not effective or exerted toxic effects in MSN cultures. In further experiments we suggested that neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rg5 could correlate with their ability to inhibit glutamate-induced Ca 2+ responses in cultured MSN. From these results we concluded that ginsenosides Rb1, Rc and Rg5 offer a potential therapeutic choice for the treatment of HD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease

Jeong

Bulin

et al. 2009

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…These effects include protective effects of ginsenosides against homocysteine-induced excitotoxicity [115], increased cell survival, extension of neurite growth, and rescuing of neurons from death in consequence of different insults either in vivo or in vitro . Ginseng roots appeared to be able to facilitate survival and neurite extension of cultured cortical neurons [116–118], and ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 protected neurons from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity [119]. Following forebrain ischemia in gerbils, Wen et al .…”

Section: Current Biological Findings and Medicinal Applications Of Gimentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Evaluation of the Millennium Phytomedicine- Ginseng (II): Collected Chemical Entities, Modern Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications Emanated from Traditional Chinese Medicine

Jia

Zhao²,

Liang³

2009

CMC

240

182

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This review, a sequel to part 1 in the series, collects about 107 chemical entities separated from the roots, leaves and flower buds of Panax ginseng, quinquefolius and notoginseng, and categorizes these entities into about 18 groups based on their structural similarity. The bioactivities of these chemical entities are described. The ‘Yin and Yang’ theory and the fundamentals of the ‘five elements’ applied to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are concisely introduced to help readers understand how ginseng balances the dynamic equilibrium of human physiological processes from the TCM perspectives. This paper concerns the observation and experimental investigation of biological activities of ginseng used in the TCM of past and present cultures. The current biological findings of ginseng and its medical applications are narrated and critically discussed, including 1) its antihyperglycemic effect that may benefit type II diabetics; in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated protection of ginseng on beta-cells and obese diabetic mouse models. The related clinical trial results are stated. 2) its aphrodisiac effect and cardiovascular effect that partially attribute to ginseng’s bioactivity on nitric oxide (NO); 3) its cognitive effect and neuropharmacological effect that are intensively tested in various rat models using purified ginsenosides and show a hope to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD); 4) its uses as an adjuvant or immunotherapeutic agent to enhance immune activity, appetite and life quality of cancer patients during their chemotherapy and radiation. Although the apoptotic effect of ginsenosides, especially Rh2, Rg3 and Compound K, on various tumor cells has been shown via different pathways, their clinical effectiveness remains to be tested. This paper also updates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immune-stimulatory activities of ginseng, its ingredients and commercial products, as well as common side effects of ginseng mainly due to its overdose, and its pharmacokinetics.

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“…Ginsenosides have been known to cause several possible physiological effects including stimulating central nervous system, increasing the initial learning performance and anti-fatigue activity, promoting the activity DNA, protein and lipid synthesis in animal bone marrow cells and so on. Moreover, ginsenosides have been demonstrated to improve cardiovascular and nerve function (Lü et al , 2009) by facilitating cholinergic function, increasing synaptophysin level in the hippocampus, and protecting the cultured cerebral cortex neurons against excitotoxicity (Kim et al , 1998; Mook-Jung et al , 2001; Liao et al , 2002). The beneficial effects of ginsenoside Rb1 were mediated through scavenging the free radicals (Lim et al , 1997), improving energy metabolism, and Abstractpreserving the structural integrity of the neurons (Jiang and Qian, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effect of Ginsenoside R0 on Anoxic and Oxidative Damage In vitro

Jiang¹,

Wang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2012

Biomolecules and Therapeutics

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To examine the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside R0, we investigated the effects of ginsenoside R0 in PC12 cells under an anoxic or oxidative environment with Edaravone as a control. PC12 neuroendocrine cells were used as a model target. Anoxic damage or oxidative damage in PC12 cells were induced by adding sodium dithionite or hydrogen peroxide respectively in cultured medium. Survival ratios of different groups were detected by an AlamarBlue assay. At the same time, the apoptosis of PC12 cells were determined with flow cytometry. The putative neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside R0 is thought to be exerted through enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutases (SOD). The activity of SOD and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), were measured to evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of ginsenoside R0. Ginsenoside R0 treated cells had a higher SOD activity, lower MDA level and lower ROS, and their survival ratio was higher with a lower apoptosis rate. It is suggested that ginsenoside R0 has a protective effect in the cultured PC12 cells, and the protection efficiency is higher than Edaravone. The protective mechanisms of these two are different. The prevent ability of ginsenoside R0 is higher than its repair ability in neuroprotection in vitro.

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Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 protect cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate‐induced neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 53:426‐432.

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease

Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease

Current Evaluation of the Millennium Phytomedicine- Ginseng (II): Collected Chemical Entities, Modern Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications Emanated from Traditional Chinese Medicine

Protective Effect of Ginsenoside R0 on Anoxic and Oxidative Damage In vitro

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