“…The modulational instability (MI) of a constant-amplitude continuous-wave (CW) background against long-wavelength perturbations is a fundamental phenomenon in nonlinear physics [1][2][3][4]. It triggers complex dynamics in water waves [1,2,5], plasmas [6][7][8], electric transmission lines [9,10], nonlinear optics [11]- [23], matter waves [24]- [39], and other physical media [40,41]. In particular, MI initiates the spontaneous production of self-sustained states, such as soliton trains, breathers, and rogue waves (RWs) [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56].…”