Girdling and tree death: lessons from<i>Chamaecyparis pisifera</i>

Ueda, Minako; Shibata, Ei'ichi; Fukuda, Hideshi; Sano, Akira; Waguchi, Yoshiaki

doi:10.1139/cjfr-2014-0181

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As water deficit intensified, embolisms formed in the xylem (Zhang Jing unpublished) and led to more compounded water stress. The blockage of water transport could cause defoliation, death of branches and rapid dieback of the whole tree [32], as observed in apple trees of Class 3 and 4 (Figure 3).…”

Section: Tree Dieback and Borer-induced Water Stressmentioning

confidence: 97%

Thirst or Malnutrition: The Impacts of Invasive Insect Agrilus mali on the Physiological Status of Wild Apple Trees

Zhang

Cui

et al. 2020

Forests

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Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem is a tertiary relict tree species and a rare and valuable resource for germplasm conservation. Since 1995, its wild forest has been severely destroyed by a devastating wood-boring beetle Agrilus mali Matsumura (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Where it invaded, this beetle infested more than 95% of the forests, and 80% of wild apple trees were reported dead in the hotspots. The physiological damage by A. mali infestation and their causality to tree death remain unclear. In this study, we attempted to explain the wild apple dieback from plant physiological perspectives, based on the hypothesis that the more damage M. sieversii suffered from the infestation of A. mali, the less water and fewer nutrients it could utilize. The study was conducted on trees with different extents of damage in wild apple forests over a large scale during 2016 and 2017. The stable carbon isotope ratio in leaves was analyzed to indicate tree water stress status. Total N, total P, total K, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were analyzed to reflect plant mineral nutrient status. The extent of damage was significantly associated with the leaf stable carbon isotope ratio in the drier year of 2016, but not significantly in 2017 with heavy rainfall in spring. The mineral nutrient contents of leaves were not significantly different among the four damage rankings in either year. The water stress experienced by M. sieversii was aggravated by the damage caused by A. mali, especially in a drought year, and indicates that the long-term water deficit caused by A. mali infestation may be the key factor leading to the decline of wild apple forests. The finding suggests the necessity of aerial irrigation for sustainable integrated pest management in wild apple trees.

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Section: Tree Dieback and Borer-induced Water Stressmentioning

confidence: 97%

Thirst or Malnutrition: The Impacts of Invasive Insect Agrilus mali on the Physiological Status of Wild Apple Trees

Zhang

Cui

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…Observation of the cross-sectional microscope images of the xylem showed that the cross-sectional color of the trunk from non-girdled jujube trees was light green, but the color of some trunks from girdled jujube trees became gray. This possibly was due to the fact that the photosynthetic products could not be normally transported to the roots of jujube trees because of girdling, so the roots of jujube trees could not get enough nutrition for a long time, which weakened the physiological activity of the roots [32]; moreover, the roots did not properly supply enough water to the trees through the xylem [33][34][35], so eventually the xylem moisture was insufficient and its color changed. Girdling could significantly reduce the content of various sugars and other nutrients in the root system [23], and the continuous lack of nutrient supply to the roots also hindered the normal and efficient photosynthesis of jujube leaves [35,36]; this may be the reason for the significant decline of jujube-fruit quality after continuous girdling for many years.…”

Section: Effects Of Long-term Continuous Girdling On Jujube Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects of Long-Term Continuous Girdling of Jujube Tree on the Quality of Jujube Fruit and Tree Health

Ran

Guo

et al. 2022

Agriculture

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In order to improve fruit yield, girdling technology is widely used in fruit production. However, in the practice of Hui jujube planting in Southern Xinjiang, it was found that the jujube fruit quality declined and the health problems and death rate of jujube trees increased after jujube trees have been girdled continuously for many years, which seriously affected the economic benefits of jujube planting. So, this study was carried out to explore the specific influence law of continuously jujube-tree girdling for many years on the main nutrients (soluble solid, protein, total acid, vitamin C, total sugar, fat and so on), physical quality attributes (single-fruit weight, hardness and geometric-mean diameter) of jujube fruit and tree health. Through the detection of the nutrients of jujube fruit, it was found that the long-term girdling of jujube trees significantly reduced the main nutrients of jujube fruit. The total sugar and reducing sugar content of jujube-fruit samples from the trees without girdling were 134.23% and 109.62% of the corresponding indexes of jujube-fruit samples from girdled ones, respectively; furthermore, the sugar–acid ratio of jujube samples from the girdled trees was 149.95, while the sugar–acid ratio of fruit from non-girdled trees reached 183.78. Moreover, the protein content of fruit from non-girdled trees was 5.91% higher than that of fruit from girdled ones. In addition, the single-fruit weight, hardness and geometric-average diameter of jujube from non-girdled jujube trees were 20.25%, 13.31% and 20.21% higher than those of jujube from girdled ones, respectively. Moreover, microstructural analysis of the callus and the newly formed phloem showed that the adverse effects of girdling on the phloem function were persistent and permanent. It was also found that jujube-tree girdling can also cause damage, to a certain extent, to the xylem around the girdling wound. The above research results further explained the internal cause of jujube-tree death caused by long-term continuously jujube-tree girdling. The results of this study can provide some scientific basis for the effective application of fruit-tree-girdling technology in fruit production.

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“…However, none of these studies assessed if girdling changed the radial pattern of sap flow, which often displays a declining gradient from outer to inner sapwood. One study has directly assessed changes in this radial gradient using dye injections and showed that girdling had the largest impact on conductivity of the outer sapwood (Ueda et al 2014). Combining the results of Ueda et alwith (a) the reduction in water use under higher VPD, (b) the absence of accumulation of NSC in leaves and (c) the strong water to air pressure gradient at the surface of exposed sapwood opens the possibility that girdling replaced water with air in rays and other capacitive stores of water in the outer sapwood.…”

Section: Impact Of Girdling On H 2 O and C Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

Radially transmitted changes in hydraulic and osmotic pressures help explain reversible and irreversible patterns of tree stem expansion

Pfautsch

Drake

Aspinwall

et al. 2021

Preprint

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It is easy to measure annual growth of a tree stem. It is hard to measure its daily growth. The reason for this difficulty is the microscopic scale and the need to separate processes that simultaneously result in reversible and irreversible stem expansion. Here we present a model that separates reversible from irreversible cell expansion. Our model is novel, because it explains reversible expansion as consequence of longitudinally and, importantly, radially transmitted changes of hydraulic and osmotic pressures in xylem and bark. To capture and quantify these changes, we manipulated daily stem growth by applying a phloem girdle to stems of 9-m tall trees. The model was informed by measurements of radial movement in stem tissues and sap flow before and after and positions below and above the girdle. Additional measurements of whole-crown fluxes of H2O and CO2, leaf water potentials, non-structural carbohydrates and respiration were used to document the physiological impacts of girdling. This work sheds new light on the role of radial transport processes underpinning daily growth of tree stems. The model helps explain diel patterns of stem growth in trees.

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Girdling and tree death: lessons fromChamaecyparis pisifera

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Thirst or Malnutrition: The Impacts of Invasive Insect Agrilus mali on the Physiological Status of Wild Apple Trees

Thirst or Malnutrition: The Impacts of Invasive Insect Agrilus mali on the Physiological Status of Wild Apple Trees

Adverse Effects of Long-Term Continuous Girdling of Jujube Tree on the Quality of Jujube Fruit and Tree Health

Radially transmitted changes in hydraulic and osmotic pressures help explain reversible and irreversible patterns of tree stem expansion

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