GIS‐based Analysis of Vienna's Material Stock in Buildings

Abstract

The building stock is not only a huge consumer of resources (for its construction and operation), but also represents a significant source for the future supply of metallic and mineral resources. This article describes how material stocks in buildings and their spatial distribution can be analyzed on a city level. In particular, the building structure (buildings differentiated by construction period and utilization) of Vienna is analyzed by joining available geographical information systems (GIS) data from various municipal authorities. Specific material intensities for different building categories (differentiated by construction period and utilization) are generated based on multiple data sources on the material composition of different building types and combined with the data on the building structure. Utilizing these methods, the overall material stock in buildings in Vienna was calculated to be 380 million metric tonnes (t), which equals 210 t per capita (t/cap). The bulk of the material (>96%) is mineral, whereas organic materials (wood, plastics, bitumen, and so on) and metals (iron/steel, copper, aluminum, and so on) constitute a very small share, of which wood (4.0 t/cap) and steel (3.2 t/cap) are the major contributors. Besides the overall material stock, the spatial distribution of materials within the municipal area can be assessed. This research forms the basis for a resource cadaster, which provides information about gross volume, construction period, utilization, and material composition for each building in Vienna. Keywords:building material building stock geographic information systems (GIS) industrial ecology urban metabolism urban mining Supporting information is linked to this article on the JIE website

Creating a Resource Cadaster—A Case Study of a District in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area

“…Although only 75% of the IWU typologies were assigned to the residential building stock, it can be reasonably argued that the study area characterizes a typical residential area in the metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr area, even though the area covers only approximately 0.003% of the entire area. The calculated material stock in tons per capita (231.5 tons per capita according to IOER-method; 208.2 tons per capita according to ARK-method) are comparable with the results of Kleemann et al [41] (210 tons per capita) and Schneider et al [13] (195 tons per capita). This study's focus, however, differs in that it aimed to create a regional resource cadaster.…”

“…Wallsten et al [40] deliver an example of how GIS can be used to prospect the dormant copper stock in Linköping, Sweden. Kleemann et al [41] used GIS to analyze the material stock in buildings of Vienna. In a further study by Kleemann et al [42], GIS is presented as alternative tool for detecting and identifying the amount of the CDW stream created through demolition of buildings that were not reported to the municipal department and thus do not appear in official statistical data.…”

“…While a review of the literature shows that most studies examine either only specific resources or input and output material flows on a national level. (e.g., [12,14,23,26,28,31,35,36,48,49]), Kleemann et al [41] and Schneider et al [13], examine the material flow in the building sector on the city level (Vienna and Zurich, respectively). The present study examines material quantities for a typical urban area in Germany.…”

Tracking Construction Material over Space and Time: Prospective and Geo‐referenced Modeling of Building Stocks and Construction Material Flows

“…For instance, Wiedenhofer and colleagues () used an archetype‐approach to determine material stocks and flows of buildings and transport networks in the EU25. Kleemann and colleagues () presented a geo‐spatial model to determine material composition of buildings in Vienna, Austria, using sampled case studies and historical geographical information systems (GIS) city maps. Similarly, Tanikawa and colleagues () quantified the evolution of material stocks of buildings and infrastructure by using geo‐spatial data, derived from historical city maps.…”

A hybrid material flow analysis for quantifying multilevel anthropogenic resources

“…The quantity of MS in a system boundary can be calculated by multiplying all objects in the district with the material intensity (MI). This approach is widely used in MS evaluation at the micro‐level, providing information about a specific MS at high spatial resolution (Cheng et al., ; Kleemann, Lederer et al., ; Tanikawa et al., ), and even consolidating micro‐level MS to obtain the total amount of MS at macro‐level (Nguyen et al., ; Schiller et al., ). Nonetheless, the information needed for the bottom‐up approach would increase as the scale of investigation expands.…”