Glanders in Animals: A Review on Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Countermeasures

Khan, Iahtasham; Wieler, Lothar H.; Melzer, Falk; Elschner, Mandy C.; Muhammad, Ghulam; Ali, Shajeea Arshad; Sprague, Lisa D.; Neubauer, Heinrich; Saqib, Muhammad

doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01342.x

Cited by 141 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Cattle and pigs seem to be resistant, even after experimental infection [8]. Equine glanders manifests in three clinical forms: pulmonary, nasal and cutaneous, which often coincide and thus make them indistinguishable [5]. Al-Ani and colleagues proposed that asymptomatic carriers should be recognized as the fourth form of the disease [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it has been eradicated in most parts of the world it is still endemic in the Middle East, Asia, Africa and South America [2][3][4]. Due to numerous recent outbreaks (Brazil, Turkey, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Mongolia, India, Pakistan) it is considered a re-emerging disease [1,2,5]. Besides domestic equids, many other species are susceptible to glanders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides domestic equids, many other species are susceptible to glanders. Reports describe animals were infected after eating glanderous me at or being in close proximity of a glanderous animal [5,6]. Laboratory animals also can be naturally infected [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological Characteristics of Three Classic Forms of Natural Equine Glanders – A Disease With High Zoonotic Significance

2017

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Equine glanders is a severe bacterial disease known since ancient times. Although eradicated in the most part of the world it is now considered re-emerging. Considering very scarce literature data, we used from formalin fi xed collection material: nasal septum, lung and skin specimens from naturally infected horses. Tissues were grossly examined and photographed. Tissue samples, after standard processing, were stained with HE, Congo red and Groccot and microscopically examined. Gross changes include nodules and ulcers in the nasal mucosa with granulation and scarring, pyogranulomas in the lung tissue and nodules and ulcers of the skin. Microscopically marked infl ammation of affected tissues with neutrophilic and mononuclear infi ltration and fi brous tissue proliferation were seen. As a potent zoonotic agent it has been already used as a biological weapon in the past.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological Characteristics of Three Classic Forms of Natural Equine Glanders – A Disease With High Zoonotic Significance

2017

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“…Although equines are the preferred host, infections have been reported in other animals after consumption of glanderous horses (Khan et al, 2012). Equine infection is largely due to ingestion of feed or water contaminated with nasal discharges from infected animals (Whitlock et al, 2007).…”

Section: B Pseudomallei and Melioidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

PCR-based Methodologies Used to Detect and Differentiate theBurkholderia pseudomalleicomplex:B. pseudomallei,B. mallei, andB. thailandensis

Lowe

March²,

Bunnell³

et al. 2014

Current Issues in Molecular Biology

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Methods for the rapid detection and differentiation of the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex comprising B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. thailandensis, have been the topic of recent research due to the high degree of phenotypic and genotypic similarities of these species. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are recognized by the CDC as tier 1 select agents. The high mortality rates of glanders and melioidosis, their potential use as bioweapons, and their low infectious dose, necessitate the need for rapid and accurate detection methods. Although B. thailandensis is generally avirulent in mammals, this species displays very similar phenotypic characteristics to that of B. pseudomallei. Optimal identification of these species remains problematic, due to the difficulty in developing a sensitive, selective, and accurate assay. The development of PCR technologies has revolutionized diagnostic testing and these detection methods have become popular due to their speed, sensitivity, and accuracy. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and evaluation of the advancements in PCR-based detection and differentiation methodologies for the B. pseudomallei complex, and examine their potential uses in diagnostic and environmental testing.

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“…A decrease in disease prevalence elsewhere in the world is often attributed to the reduced reliance on equids for transportation and work. B. mallei is closely related to Burkholderia pseudomallei, the cause of melioidosis; however, B. pseudomallei is a motile bacillus with the ability to survive more effectively in the environment (Brook et al, 1997;Carr & Waag, 2007;Khan et al, 2012;Larsen & Johnson, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological findings and diagnostic implications of a rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta) model of aerosol exposure to Burkholderia mallei (glanders)

Yingst

Facemire

Chuvala

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacillus that causes a pneumonic disease known as glanders in equids and humans, and a lymphatic infection known as farcy, primarily in equids. With the potential to infect humans by the respiratory route, aerosol exposure can result in severe, occasionally fatal, pneumonia. Today, glanders infections in humans are rare, likely due to less frequent contact with infected equids than in the past. Acutely ill humans often have non-specific clinical signs and in order to diagnose cases, especially in scenarios of multiple cases in an unexpected setting, rapid diagnostics for B. mallei may be critical. The pathogenesis of acute glanders in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) was studied as an initial effort to improve diagnostic methods. In the study described here, the diagnostic techniques of PCR, culture and histopathology were compared. The results indicated that PCR may provide rapid, non-invasive diagnosis of glanders in some cases. As expected, PCR results were positive in lung tissue in 11/12 acutely infected rhesus macaques, but more importantly in terms of diagnostic algorithm development, PCR results were frequently positive in non-invasive samples such as broncho-alveolar lavage or nasal swabs (7/12) and occasionally in blood (3/12). However, conventional bacterial culture failed to recover bacteria in many of these samples. The study showed that the clinical presentation of aerosol-exposed rhesus macaques is similar to descriptions of human glanders and that PCR has potential for rapid diagnosis of outbreaks, if not individual cases.

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Glanders in Animals: A Review on Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Countermeasures

Cited by 141 publications

References 69 publications

Morphological Characteristics of Three Classic Forms of Natural Equine Glanders – A Disease With High Zoonotic Significance

Morphological Characteristics of Three Classic Forms of Natural Equine Glanders – A Disease With High Zoonotic Significance

PCR-based Methodologies Used to Detect and Differentiate theBurkholderia pseudomalleicomplex:B. pseudomallei,B. mallei, andB. thailandensis

Pathological findings and diagnostic implications of a rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta) model of aerosol exposure to Burkholderia mallei (glanders)

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