“…Chapman, Uggerslev, Carrol, Piasentin, & Jones, 2005;Ehrhart & Ziegert, 2005), crisis situation (Marcus & Goodman, 1991), and consumer behavior. Some researchers have extended the theory to the firm level, such as Milgrom & Roberts (1986), Ross (1977), Janney et al, (2009), and so on. They generally asserted that firms signal to a market to indicate firms' quality, commitments, or performance (e.g., Certo, 2003).…”