Glass-Related Injuries in Oklahoma City Bombing

Norville, H. Scott; Harvill, Natalie; Conrath, Edward J.; Shariat, Sheryll; Mallonee, Sue

doi:10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1999)13:2(50)

Cited by 86 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Figure 2 shows the relationship between reflected positive and negative phase blast parameters with scaled distance, (2) where R is the distance from the target to the source of the explosive and W is the mass of explosive expressed as an equivalent mass of TNT. Note that impulse and time parameters are scaled by the cube root of the charge mass, after Hopkinson-Cranz scaling [21].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This perhaps reflects the growing awareness of the importance of well-designed glazing in minimising damage to infrastructure and injuries to building inhabitants in the event of an explosion. Indeed, it has been suggested that the majority of non-fatal injuries from terrorist attacks are caused by either airborne glass fragments or damage to hearing from failed glass panels [2].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Negative Phase of the Blast Load

Rigby

Tyas

Bennett

et al. 2014

International Journal of Protective Structures

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Negative Phase of the Blast Load

Rigby

Tyas

Bennett

et al. 2014

International Journal of Protective Structures

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“…Rather, it was fragments of objects coming from glass windows, walls, and other unsecured bodies that were responsible for the majority of human injury [1][2][3]. Monolithic glass panes, necessary as they are, are often the culprit in these sorts of injuries due to the fact that they offer little resistance to air blast loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Coated Laminated Glass Panels Subjected to Combined Blast and Temperature Loadings

Makki

Parrikar

Shukla

2015

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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An experimental study was conducted to investigate the performance of coated laminated safety glass panels under extreme temperatures and blast loading. Using a shock tube apparatus, specimens were evaluated under room temperature (25°C), low temperatures (-10 and 0°C), and high temperatures (50, 80, 110°C). Special environmental chambers were designed to heat up and cool down the panels to the required temperatures prior to blast loading. To mimic real applications for glass windows, specimens were clamped fully along the boundaries during experimentation. For each experiment, the incident and reflected shock wave pressure profiles were recorded using pressure transducers located on the muzzle of the shock tube. The real-time deformation of the sandwich specimens was recorded using two high-speed cameras. Three-dimensional digital image correlation was used to analyze the high-speed images and compute the full-field deformation, in-plane strains, and velocities during the blast-loading event. A post-mortem study of the sandwich specimen was performed to investigate the effectiveness of such materials under different temperatures to withstand these shock loads. Experiments were conducted to characterize the tensile behavior of the coating material as a function of temperature. The mechanisms of failure of the panel are in agreement with the failure mechanisms outlined for laminated safety glass (LSG) in previous studies. The results indicated that polymeric thin sheet coating on both outer faces of the LSG panel had major influence on mitigating the blast loading and containing the glass fragments. The composite panel showed great endurance during the blast loading for temperatures from 0 to 80°C. The failure of panel at -10°C is attributed to the glass transition of the coating material and the failure at 110°C is likely due tearing of the coating by the glass fragments.

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“…When subjected to blast overpressure, window glass panels break into numerous flying shards or fragments that fly into the residential spaces at high velocities. Norville et al [2] stated that, in the 1995 Oklahoma City terrorist attacks, 198 people in buildings within a radius of 970m suffered from direct glass-related injuries caused by the flying glass shards.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy-Based Approach in Predicting Failure of the Glazing Systems Subjected to Blast Loads

Ataei

2015

AMSA

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Abstract-In an air blast, building windows break into high-velocity flying shards (annealed glass windows) or fragments (fully tempered windows) that are a primary source of injury to the buildings occupants. In order to successfully design these glazing systems against air blast loading, there should be a balance between the safety and security of the window panel and considerations for the physical appearance and cost-effectiveness, based on the proposed level of security and previous lessons learned. Better understanding of the glazing systems' failure due to the blast load characteristics is an important step forward in mitigating injuries. In this paper, glass failure dynamics is studied using energy methods and brittle failure theories combined with finite element simulations and techniques. Because both methods take into account glass panel characteristics and blast load intensities, employing explicit nonlinear finite element methods with analytical energy methods to model the brittle failure of the conventional building glazing systems is the superior strategy. The results of this study will be beneficial in development of more comprehensive blastresistance design guidelines and a glazing injury model that will enhance the security of the buildings and improve the safety of the occupants during an air blast.

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Glass-Related Injuries in Oklahoma City Bombing

Cited by 86 publications

References 9 publications

The Negative Phase of the Blast Load

The Negative Phase of the Blast Load

Response of Coated Laminated Glass Panels Subjected to Combined Blast and Temperature Loadings

An Energy-Based Approach in Predicting Failure of the Glazing Systems Subjected to Blast Loads

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