“…Zn 2+ exhibits lowest field strength (0.44) as compared to iron (Fe 3+ 0.79, Fe 2+ 0.49), manganese (Mn 4+ 1.07, Mn 3+ 0.77), and titanium (Ti 4+ or Ti 3+ , 1.00) ions. Consequently, ZnO possesses better tendency to act as a glass modifier and would produce larger number of non-bridging oxygen ions (NBOs), whereas TiO 2 is known to act as a glass former [16,17]. Thus, 15-Z is expected to have relatively weaker network connectivity and lower viscosity at high temperatures.…”