Glaucoma, Alzheimer's Disease, and Parkinson's Disease: An 8-Year Population-Based Follow-Up Study

Lin, I‐Chan; Wang, Yuan–Hung; Wang, Tsung-Jen; Wang, I‐Jong; Shen, Yun-Den; Chi, Nai‐Fang; Chien, Li‐Nien

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108938

Cited by 86 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In addition, the prevalence of glaucoma is increased in AD patients; 25.9 %, compared to 1%-5.2% in the normal population [38][39][40]. The reverse correlation is less distinct as some population studies of glaucoma patients show a higher risk of AD [41], whereas others reported no association [42,43]. Possibly, AD is a risk factor for glaucoma, or AD and glaucoma share a pathophysiological process with retinal neurodegeneration as final common pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal thickness in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Haan

Verbraak

Visser

et al. 2017

Alz & Dem Diag Ass & Dis Mo

172

119

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IntroductionRetinal characteristics are increasingly recognized as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Retinal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography may reflect the presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We performed a meta-analysis on retinal thickness in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and healthy controls (HCs).MethodsWe selected 25 studies with measurements of retinal thickness including 887 AD patients, 216 MCI patients, and 864 HCs that measured retinal thickness. Outcomes were peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness. The main outcome was the standardized mean differences (SMDs). We used STATA to perform the meta-analysis (StataCorp, Texas; version 14.0).ResultsRelative to HCs, AD and MCI patients had lower peripapillary RNFL (SMD 0.98 [CI −1.30, −0.66, P < .0001] and SMD 0.71 [CI −1.24, −0.19, P = .008]). Total macular thickness was decreased in AD patients (SMD 0.88 [CI −1.12, −0.65, P = .000]).DiscussionRetinal thickness is decreased in AD and MCI patients compared to HC. This confirms that neurodegenerative diseases may be reflected by retinal changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal thickness in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Haan

Verbraak

Visser

et al. 2017

Alz & Dem Diag Ass & Dis Mo

172

119

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“…Age-dependent accumulation of Aβ in RGCs has been suggested to contribute to glaucoma pathology, and anti-Aβ therapies have been identified as a therapeutic target to prevent RGC degeneration [68]. These data, coupled with reports of an increased incidence of AD among glaucoma patients [113], have led to the suggestion that glaucoma could be described as a type of ocular AD [123]. …”

Section: Mechanisms Of Rgc and Axonal Deathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glaucoma: the retina and beyond

Davis¹,

Crawley

Pahlitzsch³

et al. 2016

Acta Neuropathol

234

151

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Over 60 million people worldwide are diagnosed with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which is estimated to be responsible for 8.4 million cases of irreversible blindness globally. Glaucoma is associated with characteristic damage to the optic nerve and patterns of visual field loss which principally involves the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). At present, intraocular pressure (IOP) presents the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, although RGC and vision loss can continue in patients despite well-controlled IOP. This, coupled with the present inability to diagnose glaucoma until relatively late in the disease process, has led to intense investigations towards the development of novel techniques for the early diagnosis of disease. This review outlines our current understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying RGC and axonal loss in glaucoma. Similarities between glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system are drawn before an overview of recent developments in techniques for monitoring RGC health is provided, including recent progress towards the development of RGC specific contrast agents. The review concludes by discussing techniques to assess glaucomatous changes in the brain using MRI and the clinical relevance of glaucomatous-associated changes in the visual centres of the brain.

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“…Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) is known as the most widespread form of dementia and is an important health problem in every country (9) . It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive deterioration and deterioration in memory, changes in personality, behavioral disturbances, and impaired ability to perform the activities of daily life (10) . Glaucoma and dementia (especially ATD) share several features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive performance of primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma patients

Bulut¹,

Yaman²,

Erol³

et al. 2016

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar as diferenças de desempenho cognitivo entre pacientes com glau coma primário de ângulo aberto (POAG), glaucoma de pressão normal (NTG) e controle de indivíduos saudáveis (C).Métodos: Um total de 60 pessoas (20 POAG, 20 NTG e 20 85,2 ± 14,7, 76,8 ± 10,3 e 91,4 ± 7,7 µm nos grupos POAG, NTG e controles, respectivamente (p<0,001). As espessuras médias da GCIPL observadas foram 77.5 ± 9.7 μm no grupo POAG, 73,4 ± 7,8 ABSTRACTPurpose: To assess cognitive performance differences among primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients, normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients, and healthy control (C) subjects. Methods: A total of 60 participants (20 POAG, 20 NTG, and 20 C subjects) were included in this study. A detailed ophthalmologic examination was performed on all participants. A spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system was used to measure the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses. To assess the cognitive performance of all participants, detailed neurological examinations, including the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), were performed by the same neurologist. Results: There were no significant differences among the groups in terms of age (p=0.348) or gender (p=0.935). The mean RNFL thicknesses were significantly diffe rent among the groups (85.2 ± 14.7, 76.8 ± 10.3, and 91.4 ± 7.7 µm in the POAG, NTG, and C subjects, respectively; p<0.001). The mean GC-IPL thicknesses were 77.5 ± 9.7 µm in the POAG group, 73.4 ± 7.8 µm in the NTG group, and 78.8 ± 3.8 µm in the C group. Differences among the groups were not statistically significant (p=0.085). MMSE scores were 26.1 ± 1.4, 25.7 ± 2.3, and 28.8 ± 0.9 in the POAG, NTG, and C groups, respectively. There were significant differences among the three groups (p<0.001). Specifically, there were significant differences between the NTG and C groups (p<0.001), and between the POAG and C groups (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the POAG and NTG groups (p=0.595). Conclusions: There appear to be similar risk factors in glaucoma and neurodegenerative disorders that cause deterioration in cognitive performance. Comparing the low MMSE scores of the POAG and NTG patients with the scores of healthy C participants supports our hypothesis. Consequently, it is recommended that a neurologist should also examine glaucoma patients.

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Glaucoma, Alzheimer's Disease, and Parkinson's Disease: An 8-Year Population-Based Follow-Up Study

Cited by 86 publications

References 41 publications

Retinal thickness in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Retinal thickness in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Glaucoma: the retina and beyond

Cognitive performance of primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma patients

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