Glaucoma Features in an East African Population: A 6-Year Cohort Study of Older Adults in Nakuru, Kenya

Bastawrous, Andrew; Mathenge, Wanjiku; Kyari, Fatima; Rono, Hillary; Weiss, Helen A.; Macleod, David; Foster, Allen; Burton, Matthew J.; Kuper, Hannah

doi:10.1097/ijg.0000000000000941

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, surveys have routinely shown that cataract is the condition most associated with blindness or visual impairment in sub-Saharan Africa. 4 Previous studies of the overall incidence of blindness and visual impairment, 5 macular degeneration, 6 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, 7 and glaucoma 8 used data from the Nakuru Eye Disease Cohort Study. This cohort study of adults aged 50 years or older living in Nakuru, a city in the Rift Valley region in Kenya, was deemed to be a regionally and nationally representative sample that could inform the eye care needs and priorities of the entire country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Visually Impairing Cataracts Among Older Adults in Kenya

Bastawrous

Mathenge²,

Nkurikiye³

et al. 2019

JAMA Netw Open

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Key Points Question How many new people per year become visually impaired from cataract in Kenya? Findings In this secondary analysis of the Nakuru Eye Disease Cohort Study of 4364 participants at baseline and 2159 participants at follow-up, the 6-year cumulative incidence of visually significant cataract in either eye was 251.9 per 1000, with the incidence increasing with age among those aged 50 to 59 years and those 80 years or older. Meaning In Kenya, reducing the burden of sight loss from cataract is a national priority, given its high incidence among older adults; the cataract surgical rate needs to be at the level of the incident rate to prevent the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment from increasing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Visually Impairing Cataracts Among Older Adults in Kenya

Bastawrous

Mathenge²,

Nkurikiye³

et al. 2019

JAMA Netw Open

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“…This subset of our participants had about the same CECD as Nepali, Bangladeshi and Indians who were undergoing cataract surgery in South Asia [8]. Although CCT (504.2 μm) of those 50 years and older in the present study (n = 82) mirrored that of participants in the Nakuru Eye Disease Cohort Study [49], it was thinner than found in the Yunnan Minority Eye Studies [7], the Reykjavik Eye Study [50], and the Rotterdam Study [51]. This pattern is similar to what we observed after comparison with subjects of African and those of European heritage drawn from the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES) [22], participants of the Gutenberg Health Study [25], as well as other studies [17,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Profile of central corneal thickness and corneal endothelial cell morpho-density in healthy Congolese eyes

2021

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Purpose To determine the pachymetric and corneal endothelial cell morphometric features and their relationship to ocular and systemic factors in healthy Congolese subjects. Methods Non-contact specular microscopy was used in 278 healthy eyes (278 subjects) to measure central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal endothelial cell density (CECD) along with cell size, coefficient of variation (CV) in cell size, and hexagonality (HEX). The lower and upper reference limits and average values for each parameter were determined. Correlation and association of average values with anthropo-demographic and clinical variables were assessed. Results The mean age was 38.9 ± 17.2 years (10.9–80.7 years). Average values were 504.2 ± 30.7 μm (CCT), 2907.1 ± 290.9 cells/mm2 (CECD), 348.5 ± 38.4 μm2 (cell size), 32.9 ± 3.6% (CV), and 51.8 ± 7.2% (HEX). CCT was 504.9 ± 33.6 μm in men and 503.6 ± 28.3 μm in women (p = .73); values for CECD were 2917.1 ± 253.5 cells/mm2 and 2899.2 ± 317.8 cells/mm2 (p = 0.61), respectively. Lower and upper reference limits were 449.6 μm and 566.0 μm for CCT, and 2165.3 cells/mm2 and 3414.4 cells/mm2 for CECD, respectively. CCT correlated with body mass index (BMI), (r = − 0.12, P = 0.04). CECD decreased with age (r = − 0.49, P < 0.001), BMI (r = − 0.20, P = 0.001), intraocular pressure (r = − 0.13, P = 0.029) and ocular perfusion pressure (r = − 0.28, P = 0.028). CECD decayed by 8.3 cells/mm2 or 0.30% per year of age and CCT decreased by 0.72 μm per kg/m2. Conclusions Mean central cornea was thinner, CECD higher, and references limits lower than reported in other African populations. The CCT and CECD normative values reported herein will be useful for both clinical and research purposes in this population.

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“…Also, with similar findings, the city of Tema (Ghana) had a prevalence of glaucoma of 6.5% (95% CI 5.8–7.1), POAG of 6.1% (no CI available) and PACG of 0.2% (no CI available) 17 . In people older than 50 years, Nakuru district (Kenya) had a prevalence of glaucoma of 4.3% (95% CI 3.5–5.9) 20 …”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 In people older than 50 years, Nakuru district (Kenya) had a prevalence of glaucoma of 4.3% (95% CI 3.5-5.9). 20…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary glaucomas in adults: Epidemiology and public health‐A review

Reis

Paula

Furtado

2022

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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Glaucoma is a mixed group of optic neuropathies that lead to irreversible visual field loss and blindness if left untreated. It is estimated that 3.5% of the global population aged 40 to 80 years have any glaucoma, being the primary open‐angle and the primary angle‐closure glaucoma the most prevalent forms. Although the age‐standardised prevalence of blindness caused by glaucoma has decreased substantially over the last decades, population growth and ageing impose many challenges in preventing glaucoma‐related morbidities on a global level. In addition, difficulties in diagnoses and treatment, along with its chronic and irreversible nature, urge the development and implementation of innovative approaches in confronting the disease. This manuscript reviews recent literature related to the epidemiology of primary glaucomas in adults, the risk factors attributed to the development of the disease, and discuss challenges and potential solutions from a public health perspective.

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Glaucoma Features in an East African Population: A 6-Year Cohort Study of Older Adults in Nakuru, Kenya

Abstract: Glaucoma is a public health challenge in low-resource settings. Research into testing and treatment modalities in Africa is needed.

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

Incidence of Visually Impairing Cataracts Among Older Adults in Kenya

Incidence of Visually Impairing Cataracts Among Older Adults in Kenya

Profile of central corneal thickness and corneal endothelial cell morpho-density in healthy Congolese eyes

Primary glaucomas in adults: Epidemiology and public health‐A review

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