Glenoid hypoplasia: Assessment by computed tomographic arthrography

Primary glenoid dysplasia

“…1 Previous theories concerning a failure of development of the precartilage of the inferior apophysis of the glenoid 14 are not supported by the findings on CT arthrography, 24,26 plain arthrography 15,25 and arthroscopy, 16,21,25 which show that the inferior glenoid precartilage is in fact present, but unossified. The outline of the glenohumeral joint lines on radiographs demonstrating the 'vacuum phenomenon' 1 also supports the view that the radiological glenoid 'deficiency' comprises unossified cartilage.…”

Normal glenoid vault anatomy and validation of a novel glenoid implant shape

“…Glenoid shape is altered by developmental disorders, such as hypoplasia, as well as degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis, which cause both bone loss and bone deformity 13 . Furthermore, glenoid implants, used in total shoulder arthroplasty, can cause severe alterations in glenoid shape if they become loose.…”

Glenoid Dysplasia: Incidence and Association with Posterior Labral Tears as Evaluated on MRI

“…True glenoid dysplasia as traditionally described has been reported to be a rare entity and entails a constellation of findings, including osseous hypoplasia of the posterior glenoid and scapular neck, widening of the glenohumeral joint space, labral hypertrophy, hyperplasia of the coracoid process and acromion, hooking of the distal clavicle, and hypoplasia of the humeral head [2,[4][5][6][7]. The more mild abnormality of localized hypoplasia of the posteroinferior glenoid [1] is becoming recognized as a more common entity.…”

“…Glenoid dysplasia had previously been considered to be a rare entity [1][2][3][4][5]; however, authors have recently begun to postulate that this continuum of abnormalities may be more common than once thought [1,3,[4][5][6]. Authors speculate that because this shoulder abnormality occurs in a non-weight-bearing joint and is frequently asymptomatic, its incidence has been underestimated in the past [5,6]. In one series, Wirth et al [4] found that 21% of patients with glenoid dysplasia complained primarily of atraumatic pain.…”

“…Findings of glenoid dysplasia have been described using radiography, CT, and more recently MRI [1,2,5,[6][7][8][9]. These abnormalities have been associated with shoulder instability [3,4,[8][9][10] and are thought to predispose affected patients to accelerated degenerative joint disease [1,6].…”