Glial cells express both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors

Bohn, Martha C.; Howard, Evelyn; Vielkind, Ursula; Krozowski, Zygmunt

doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90173-3

Cited by 107 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Blood-borne cells and resident astrocytes, which express steroid hormone receptors as well (Bohn et al, 1991;Garcia-Ovejero et al, 2002) also contribute to the inflammatory response. Both glucocorticoids (Nadeau and Rivest, 2003) and 17b-estradiol (estradiol) (Vegeto et al, 2003) prevent the activation of microglia by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vivo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid hormone receptor expression and function in microglia

Sierra

Gottfried-Blackmore

Milner

et al. 2008

Glia

355

238

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Steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and estrogens are well-known regulators of peripheral immune responses and also show anti-inflammatory properties in the brain. However, the expression of steroid hormone receptors in microglia, the pivotal immune cell that coordinates the brain inflammatory response, is still controversial. Here we use real time RT-PCR to show that microglia, isolated from adult fms-EGFP mice by FACS, express glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and estrogen receptor alpha (ERa). GR was the most abundant steroid hormone receptor transcript in microglia. The presence of GR and ERa immunoreactivity was further confirmed in vivo at the ultrastructural level. To understand the role of steroid hormone receptors during the inflammation process, we evaluated the expression of steroid hormone receptors after inflammatory challenge and found a significant down-regulation of GR, MR, and ERa in microglia. Finally, we tested the immunomodulatory properties of estrogens and glucocorticoids. Estradiol benzoate did not have any significant impact on the inflammatory profile of ex vivo sorted microglia, either in resting conditions or after challenge. Furthermore, corticosterone was a more consistent anti-inflammatory agent than 17b-estradiol in vitro. Our results support the hypothesis that adult microglia are a direct target of steroid hormones and that glucocorticoids, through the predominant expression of GR and MR, are the primary steroid hormone regulators of microglial inflammatory activity. The down-regulation of steroid hormone receptors after LPS challenge may serve as a prerequisite to suppressing the antiinflammatory actions of endogenous steroid hormones on the immune system, and contribute to a sustained activation of microglia. V V C

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid hormone receptor expression and function in microglia

Sierra

Gottfried-Blackmore

Milner

et al. 2008

Glia

355

238

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“…Consistently, cells with neural stem cell properties in-vitro can be isolated from the adult mammalian brain using growth factors [5][6][7]. In adult mammals neural stem cells that continually generate new neurons are present in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle [8,9], and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural stem cells and the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

Seri

Alvarez-Buylla

2002

Clinical Neuroscience Research

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Neurogenesis continues in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult rodents and primates including humans. Neurons are born in the underlying subgranular layer (SGL) and move into the granule cell layer (GCL) to become mature granule neurons. Recent work indicates that the primary precursors for these new neurons correspond to radial astrocytes whose cell body is in the SGL and their processes traverse the GCL. These astrocytes divide to give rise to intermediate precursors, D cells that likely become mature granule neurons. Here we propose that the anatomy of radial astrocytes may allow for signals within the GCL to regulate neurogenesis in the SGL. Levels of neuronal activity within the granule cell layer may regulate the proliferation rates of radial astrocytes and determine the number of new neurons produced in the dentate gyrus.

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“…The developmental stage of the individual dynamically alters this profile of MR distribution within CNS as MR expression fluctuates between pre-and postnatal development in a brain-region specific manner (Matthews, 1998;Diaz et al, 1998), while aging is associated with a significant decrease in the expression and substrate-binding capacity of MR in these brain areas (Rothuizen et al, 1993); a phenomenon that may contribute to the dysregulated feedback activity in the HPA axis observed in older individuals (Bohn et al, 1991). Moreover, chronic stress seems to down-regulate MR mRNA expression in hippocampus, not only in mammals but also in birds (Dickens et al, 2009).…”

Section: Molecular Basis Of Gc Actions Within the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although neurons and glial cells express both kinds of GC-sensitive receptors (Bohn et al, 1991), the neuronal-to-glial density ratio of their expression differs between brain regions. An extensive study of multiple brain regions of healthy male rats based on computer-assisted morphometric and microdensitometric evaluation of the GR immunoreactivity (Cintra et al, 1994) revealed important variations between them.…”

Section: Molecular Basis Of Gc Actions Within the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal control of glucocorticoid neurodynamics and its relevance for brain homeostasis, neuropathology and glucocorticoid-based therapeutics

Kalafatakis

Russell

Ζάρρος³

et al. 2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Glucocorticoids mediate plethora of actions throughout the human body. Within the brain, they modulate aspects of immune system and neuroinflammatory processes, interfere with cellular metabolism and viability, interact with systems of neurotransmission and regulate neural rhythms. The influence of glucocorticoids on memory and emotional behaviour is well known and there is increasing evidence for their involvement in many neuropsychiatric pathologies. These effects, which at times can be in opposing directions, depend not only on the concentration of glucocorticoids but also the duration of their presence, the temporal relationship between their fluctuations, the co-influence of other stimuli, and the overall state of brain activity. Moreover, they are region-and cell type-specific. The molecular basis of such diversity of effects lies on the orchestration of the spatiotemporal interplay between glucocorticoid-and mineralocorticoid receptors, and is achieved through complex dynamics, mainly mediated via the circadian and ultradian pattern of glucocorticoid secretion. More sophisticated methodologies are therefore required to better approach the study of these hormones and improve the effectiveness of glucocorticoid-based therapeutics.

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Glial cells express both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors

Cited by 107 publications

References 43 publications

Steroid hormone receptor expression and function in microglia

Steroid hormone receptor expression and function in microglia

Neural stem cells and the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

Temporal control of glucocorticoid neurodynamics and its relevance for brain homeostasis, neuropathology and glucocorticoid-based therapeutics

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