Glioma–Immune Cell Crosstalk in Tumor Progression

Abstract

Glioma progression is a complex process controlled by molecular factors that coordinate the crosstalk between tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these, immune cells play a critical role in cancer survival and progression. The complex interplay between cancer cells and the immune TME influences the outcome of immunotherapy and other anti-cancer therapies. Here, we present an updated view of the pro- and anti-tumor activities of the main myeloid and lymphocyte cell populations in the glioma TME. We review the underlying mechanisms involved in crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells that enable gliomas to evade the immune system and co-opt these cells for tumor growth. Lastly, we discuss the current and experimental therapeutic options being developed to revert the immunosuppressive activity of the glioma TME. Knowledge of the complex interplay that elapses between tumor and immune cells may help develop new combination treatments able to overcome tumor immune evasion mechanisms and enhance response to immunotherapies.

Role of gut microbiota in regulating immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for glioblastoma

“…In addition, most serotonin in the body is metabolized by the gut microbiota, and excessive secretion of 5-hydroxytryptamine can promote the proliferation of gliomas by activating the protein phosphorylation signaling pathway ( 48 ). Second, GBM disrupts the blood-brain barrier during development, allowing circulating immune cells and inflammatory mediators, such as T cells, macrophages, B cells, IL-6, IL-8, and other inflammatory mediators, to enter the brain ( 49 ). However, immune cells are inhibited in an inhibitory environment.…”

“…as T cells, macrophages, B cells, IL-6, and other inflammatory mediators, to enter the brain (49). However, immune cells are inhibited in an inhibitory environment.…”