Gllac7 Is Induced by Agricultural and Forestry Residues and Exhibits Allelic Expression Bias in Ganoderma lucidum

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum has a wide carbon spectrum, while the expression profile of key genes relevant to carbon metabolism on different carbon sources has been seldom studied. Here, the transcriptomes of G. lucidum mycelia cultured on each of 19 carbon sources were conducted. In comparison with glucose, 16 to 1,006 genes were upregulated and 7 to 1,865 genes were downregulated. Significant gene expression dynamics and induced activity were observed in laccase genes when using agricultural and forestry residues (AFRs) as solo carbon sources. Furthermore, study of laccase gene family in two haploids of G. lucidum GL0102 was conducted. Totally, 15 and 16 laccase genes were identified in GL0102_53 and GL0102_8, respectively, among which 15 pairs were allelic genes. Gene structures were conserved between allelic laccase genes, while sequence variations (most were SNPs) existed. Nine laccase genes rarely expressed on all the tested carbon sources, while the other seven genes showed high expression level on AFRs, especially Gllac2 and Gllac7, which showed 5- to 1,149-fold and 4- to 94-fold upregulation in mycelia cultured for 5 days, respectively. The expression of H53lac7 was consistently higher than that of H8lac7_1 on all the carbon sources except XM, exhibiting a case of allelic expression bias. A total of 47 SNPs and 3 insertions/deletions were observed between promoters of H53lac7 and H8lac7_1, which lead to differences in predicted binding sites of zinc fingers. These results provide scientific data for understanding the gene expression profile and regulatory role on different carbon sources and may support further functional research of laccase.

Green Synthesis of Biocatalysts Based on Nanocarriers Promises an Effective Role in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Fields

“…Nanoscale materials have multiple advantages, including ease of preparation, a large surface-area-to-mass ratio, and the possibility of personalizing surfaces with different functionalities. They exhibit attractive electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic characteristics [24][25][26][27]. Nanoparticles are a popular choice for enzyme immobilization.…”

Ganoderma lucidum Mycelia Mass and Bioactive Compounds Production through Grape Pomace and Cheese Whey Valorization

“…This is contrary to our study, considering that the substrate consumption rate was enhanced in the case of mixed sugars. In general, carbon type affects gene expression and the release of enzymes related to fungal growth and hyphae formation, strongly correlated with specific strains [28][29][30]. Hence, hyphae formation might be associated with the lower biomass production observed when fructose was applied as the sole substrate.…”

“…Overall, supplemented GPE enhanced the fermentation profile compared with conventional fermentation media, which was previously stated in the open literature. For instance, Wang et al undertook a transcriptomic analysis of the expression of genes employed in the metabolic functions of G. lucidum on diversified agricultural and forestry residues (AFRs), such as rice-straw and wheat-straw, as carbon sources [29]. It is worth noting that the growth rate on glucose was lower compared with some of the AFRs, based on the results indicating that some specific genes were upregulated when agricultural by-products were used.…”

Nanomaterials as Redox Mediators in Laccase-Based Amperometric Biosensors for Catechol Assay

“…DuPont is the second largest producer. Since market concentration in this industry is high, the search continues for new cost-effective producers of laccase and the development of simple technologies for its isolation [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The fabrication of sensitive analytical methods based on laccase also remains relevant [ 5 , 12 ].…”

“…The growing discoveries of novel varieties of laccase have demonstrated that laccase classification and investigation are not so simple [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The classification of multi-copper oxidases assigned as laccases remains a challenge too [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 , 11 ].…”