“…• Nonaffinity: However, there exist several nonlinear nonaffine systems in practice, such as chemical reactors, biochemical processes, some aircraft and pendulum dynamical models, and so on [1,10,12,19,20,23,25,26,44,50,56,58]. Due to the great efforts devoted by researchers, remarkable adaptive control approaches have been developed for non-affine systems [19,44,50,56]. It is worth noting that affine systems are a special case of non-affine systems [1,10,12].…”