“…Hence, obtaining linear velocity in a GPS-denied region poses a challenge [10], [15]- [17]. Thereby, the filters in [3], [4], [6]- [9] are not suitable for pose estimation when a gyroscope fails and/or a reliable GPS signal is not available. Consequently, multiple GPS-independent navigation solutions that rely solely on angular velocity, landmark, and inertial measurements have been proposed for the estimation of attitude, position, and linear velocity of a vehicle, such as adaptive Kalman filter [18], extended Kalman filter [11], invariant extended Kalman filter on the Lie Group of Extended Special Euclidean Group SE 2 [19], and nonlinear stochastic filters on SE 2 [10], [17].…”