Global Burden of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis in the older adults from 1990 to 2019

Zhang, Kexin; Cheng, Xuebing; Qu, Na; Song, Hongwei; Luo, Youhong; Ye, Tongtong; Xu, Qian; Tian, Hongzhan; Kan, Chengxia; Hou, Ningning

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1018385

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Historically the epidemiology of myocarditis has been based mainly on small, single-center studies. The latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) statistics place the prevalence of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy worldwide at 10.2 to 105.6 per 100,000 (47,48), with an annual occurrence estimated at around 1.8 million cases (47). One recent study in Sweden reported that the incidence of myocarditis rose from 6.3 to 8.6 per 100,000 from 2000 to 2014 (49).…”

Section: Sex Differences In Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update

Fairweather

Beetler

Musigk

et al. 2023

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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In the past decade there has been a growing interest in understanding sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and the purpose of this review is to provide an update on this topic including epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Recently, many clinical studies have been conducted examining sex differences in myocarditis. Studies consistently report that myocarditis occurs more often in men than women with a sex ratio ranging from 1:2–4 female to male. Studies reveal that DCM also has a sex ratio of around 1:3 women to men and this is also true for familial/genetic forms of DCM. Animal models have demonstrated that DCM develops after myocarditis in susceptible mouse strains and evidence exists for this progress clinically as well. A consistent finding is that myocarditis occurs primarily in men under 50 years of age, but in women after age 50 or post-menopause. In contrast, DCM typically occurs after age 50, although the age that post-myocarditis DCM occurs has not been investigated. In a small study, more men with myocarditis presented with symptoms of chest pain while women presented with dyspnea. Men with myocarditis have been found to have higher levels of heart failure biomarkers soluble ST2, creatine kinase, myoglobin and T helper 17-associated cytokines while women develop a better regulatory immune response. Studies of the pathogenesis of disease have found that Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 signaling pathways play a central role in increasing inflammation during myocarditis and in promoting remodeling and fibrosis that leads to DCM, and all of these pathways are elevated in males. Management of myocarditis follows heart failure guidelines and there are currently no disease-specific therapies. Research on standard heart failure medications reveal important sex differences. Overall, many advances in our understanding of the effect of biologic sex on myocarditis and DCM have occurred over the past decade, but many gaps in our understanding remain. A better understanding of sex and gender effects are needed to develop disease-targeted and individualized medicine approaches in the future.

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Section: Sex Differences In Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update

Fairweather

Beetler

Musigk

et al. 2023

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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“…This is consistent with the widespread understanding that higher income levels enable individuals to accumulate wealth and effectively address health-related risks 49 . Additionally, people with higher incomes who generally have better health literacy tend to pay more attention to their health 50 , 51 . Household loans also reduce vulnerability to health poverty, possibly because the capital accumulation obtained through borrowing can reduce the likelihood of rural women of childbearing age falling into health poverty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the factors influencing the vulnerability of women of childbearing age to health poverty in rural western China

Ma,

Hu,

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The health of women of childbearing age in rural areas is crucial for the development of individuals, families, and society. Research on the identification and influencing factors of health vulnerability in impoverished and disadvantaged groups is important for adjusting and implementing health poverty alleviation policies. However, there is limited research on the health vulnerability of women of childbearing age in rural Western China. Based on panel data from the Rural Residents' Family Health Status Survey in 2019 and 2022, the vulnerability to health poverty of women of childbearing age in rural areas was constructed using the three-stage feasible generalized least squares method. Variables from four dimensions—physical capital, financial capital, social capital, and human capital—were included in the sustainable livelihood analysis framework for analysis. The Tobit model was used to analyze the influencing factors of vulnerability to health poverty among women of childbearing age in rural Western China, and the contribution rates of various factors were studied using the Shapley value decomposition method. In 2019 and 2022, under the poverty line standards of $1.90 and $2.15, respectively, the vulnerability to health poverty among rural women of childbearing age exceeded 20%. Tobit regression analysis revealed that the type of drinking water being well water significantly increased the vulnerability to health poverty of rural women of childbearing age (P < 0.05), whereas the separation of housing and kitchen, registered poor households, household loans, annual per capita household income, expenditures on social interactions, educational level, self-assessed health status, respondent age, and the utilization of hospital services significantly reduced the vulnerability to health poverty of rural women of childbearing age (P < 0.05). Shapley's decomposition shows that annual per capita household income, expenditures on social interactions, respondent age, and household loans are the factors contributing most to the vulnerability to health poverty of rural women of childbearing age, while other variables have a smaller contribution rate. The health poverty situation of women of childbearing age in rural Western China is not optimistic. Preintervention for health poverty should be strengthened among rural women of childbearing age, early warning mechanisms for the risk of falling back into poverty due to illness should be established, the precise identification of highly vulnerable rural women of childbearing age should be improved, and the medical insurance system for rural women of childbearing age should be enhanced to help improve their current health poverty situation.

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“…The latest Global Burden of Disease statistics before the COVID-19 pandemic place the worldwide prevalence of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy at 10.2 to 105.6 cases/100 000 individuals. 74 , 82 A recent study estimated pre-COVID myocarditis in the United States at 1 to 10 cases/100 000 individuals (Table 1 ). 84 The incidence of acute pericarditis pre-COVID in a large Finnish registry of all cardiovascular patients (n=670 409) was 3.3 cases/100 000 individuals.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Covid-19 Myocarditis/pericarditismentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis

Fairweather

Beetler

Florio

et al. 2023

Circulation Research

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Viral infections are a leading cause of myocarditis and pericarditis worldwide, conditions that frequently coexist. Myocarditis and pericarditis were some of the early comorbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Many epidemiologic studies have been conducted since that time concluding that SARS-CoV-2 increased the incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis at least 15× over pre-COVID levels although the condition remains rare. The incidence of myocarditis pre-COVID was reported at 1 to 10 cases/100 000 individuals and with COVID ranging from 150 to 4000 cases/100 000 individuals. Before COVID-19, some vaccines were reported to cause myocarditis and pericarditis in rare cases, but the use of novel mRNA platforms led to a higher number of reported cases than with previous platforms providing new insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms. The incidence of COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis/pericarditis covers a large range depending on the vaccine platform, age, and sex examined. Importantly, the findings highlight that myocarditis occurs predominantly in male patients aged 12 to 40 years regardless of whether the cause was due to a virus-like SARS-CoV-2 or associated with a vaccine—a demographic that has been reported before COVID-19. This review discusses findings from COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis and pericarditis considering the known symptoms, diagnosis, management, treatment, and pathogenesis of disease that has been gleaned from clinical research and animal models. Sex differences in the immune response to COVID-19 are discussed, and theories for how mRNA vaccines could lead to myocarditis/pericarditis are proposed. Additionally, gaps in our understanding that need further research are raised.

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Global Burden of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis in the older adults from 1990 to 2019

Cited by 7 publications

References 31 publications

Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update

Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update

A study on the factors influencing the vulnerability of women of childbearing age to health poverty in rural western China

COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis

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