Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems

Tylianakis, Jason M.; Didham, Raphaël K.; Bascompte, Jordi; Wardle, David A.

doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01250.x

Cited by 2,085 publications

(2,028 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(297 reference statements)

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“…Similar to the food web network analyses in macroecosystems, microorganisms, including fungi, should also form complex interactions with positive or negative impacts on other species (32). "It would not be surprising to see entire patterns of community organization jumbled as a result of global change" (67). Similarly, changed co-occurrence network topology is expected for fungal communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO ₂ Elevation by Community Reassembly

Yuan

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Fungal communities play a major role as decomposers in the Earth's ecosystems. Their community-level responses to elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ), one of the major global change factors impacting ecosystems, are not well understood. Using 28S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and co-occurrence ecological network approaches, we analyzed the response of soil fungal communities in the BioCON (biodiversity, CO 2 , and N deposition) experimental site in Minnesota, USA, in which a grassland ecosystem has been exposed to eCO 2 for 12 years. Long-term eCO 2 did not significantly change the overall fungal community structure and species richness, but significantly increased community evenness and diversity. The relative abundances of 119 operational taxonomic units (OTU; ϳ27% of the total captured sequences) were changed significantly. Significantly changed OTU under eCO 2 were associated with decreased overall relative abundance of Ascomycota, but increased relative abundance of Basidiomycota. Cooccurrence ecological network analysis indicated that eCO 2 increased fungal community network complexity, as evidenced by higher intermodular and intramodular connectivity and shorter geodesic distance. In contrast, decreased connections for dominant fungal species were observed in the eCO 2 network. Community reassembly of unrelated fungal species into highly connected dense modules was observed. Such changes in the co-occurrence network topology were significantly associated with altered soil and plant properties under eCO 2 , especially with increased plant biomass and NH 4 ؉ availability. This study provided novel insights into how eCO 2 shapes soil fungal communities in grassland ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO ₂ Elevation by Community Reassembly

Yuan

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Food webs have already provided a conceptual framework for generating hypotheses on the effects of changing climate [58]. There is clear evidence from the empirical studies to date that the functional consequences of climate change can be predicted, modelled, and understood using food-web approaches [59,60].…”

Section: Linking Individuals To Food Webs To Ecosystem Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity

Thompson

Brose

Dunne

et al. 2012

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

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The global biodiversity crisis concerns not only unprecedented loss of species within communities, but also related consequences for ecosystem function. Community ecology focuses on patterns of species richness and community composition, whereas ecosystem ecology focuses on fluxes of energy and materials. Food webs provide a quantitative framework to combine these approaches and unify the study of biodiversity and ecosystem function. We summarise the progression of foodweb ecology and the challenges in using the food-web approach. We identify five areas of research where these advances can continue, and be applied to global challenges. Finally, we describe what data are needed in the next generation of food-web studies to reconcile the structure and function of biodiversity.Reconciling the study of biodiversity and ecosystem function We are experiencing two interrelated global ecological crises. One is in biodiversity, with unprecedented rates of species loss across all major ecosystems, combined with greatly accelerated biotic exchange between landmasses [1]. Consequently, spatial and temporal patterns of species occurrence are being fundamentally altered by extinction and invasion. The second crisis concerns the regulation of ecological processes and the ecosystem services they provide. Processes such as primary production and nutrient cycling have been severely altered by human activities [1].Our understanding of biodiversity comes largely from a sound theoretical and empirical basis provided by community ecology, including core concepts such as niche segregation [2] and Island Biogeography [3,4]. Early studies of individual species' habitat preferences and physiological tolerances have been complemented by studies of interspecific interactions from field surveys and experiments. Applications such as conservation management depend largely on mapping of community patterns and studies of habitat occupancy and preferences. More recently, habitat models have been applied, and the advent of simple and cheap molecular markers has allowed quantification of important community assembly (see Glossary) processes such as dispersal [5]. In community ecology the unit of study is the individual, population, or species, consistent with other sub-disciplines such as behavioural and population biology. Review GlossaryAssembly: the set of processes by which a food web is rebuilt after disturbance or the creation of new habitat. Bioenergetics: the flow and transformation of energy in and between living organisms and between living organisms and their environment. Cascade model: a food-web model which assumes hierarchical feeding along a single niche axis, with each species allocated a probability of feeding on taxa below it in the hierarchy. Community web: a food web intended to include all species and trophic links that occur within a defined ecological community. 'Species' in this sense might involve various degrees of aggregation or division of biological species. Compartmentalisation: the property by which one subset of sp...

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“…In particular, the overall structure of food webs has been directly tied to ecosystems' responses to environmental change (Thompson & Townsend 2003, 2005a; Tylianakis et al . 2008) and robustness to species loss (Dunne, Williams & Martinez 2002a, 2004; Estrada 2007; Srinivasan et al . 2007; Gilbert 2009; Rezende et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant predation on parasites is highly variable but constrains the ways in which parasites contribute to food web structure

Cirtwill

Stouffer

2015

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Summary Previous analyses of empirical food webs (the networks of who eats whom in a community) have revealed that parasites exert a strong influence over observed food web structure and alter many network properties such as connectance and degree distributions. It remains unclear, however, whether these community‐level effects are fully explained by differences in the ways that parasites and free‐living species interact within a food web.To rigorously quantify the interrelationship between food web structure, the types of species in a web and the distinct types of feeding links between them, we introduce a shared methodology to quantify the structural roles of both species and feeding links. Roles are quantified based on the frequencies with which a species (or link) appears in different food web motifs – the building blocks of networks.We hypothesized that different types of species (e.g. top predators, basal resources, parasites) and different types of links between species (e.g. classic predation, parasitism, concomitant predation on parasites along with their hosts) will show characteristic differences in their food web roles.We found that parasites do indeed have unique structural roles in food webs. Moreover, we demonstrate that different types of feeding links (e.g. parasitism, predation or concomitant predation) are distributed differently in a food web context. More than any other interaction type, concomitant predation appears to constrain the roles of parasites. In contrast, concomitant predation links themselves have more variable roles than any other type of interaction.Together, our results provide a novel perspective on how both species and feeding link composition shape the structure of an ecological community and vice versa.

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Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems

Cited by 2,085 publications

References 126 publications

Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO ₂ Elevation by Community Reassembly

Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO ₂ Elevation by Community Reassembly

Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity

Concomitant predation on parasites is highly variable but constrains the ways in which parasites contribute to food web structure

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Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems

Cited by 2,085 publications

References 126 publications

Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO 2 Elevation by Community Reassembly

Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO 2 Elevation by Community Reassembly

Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity

Concomitant predation on parasites is highly variable but constrains the ways in which parasites contribute to food web structure

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Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO ₂ Elevation by Community Reassembly

Fungal Communities Respond to Long-Term CO ₂ Elevation by Community Reassembly