Global change impacts on cacti (Cactaceae): current threats, challenges and conservation solutions

Hernández‐Hernández, Tania; Williams, David G.; Albeke, Shannon E.; Tran, Newton; Puente, Raúl; Larios, Eugenio

doi:10.1093/aob/mcad040

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…An important aspect of maximum LST effects on plant life is the magnitude, frequency, and persistence of extreme LST values over landscapes. Evidence suggests that most plant species (especially seedlings) are susceptible to irreversible heat damages such as protein denaturation, tissue browning, chlorophyll bleaching, and thus necrosis of plant tissues in temperatures exceeding 55°C (Haider et al., 2022; Hultine et al., 2023; Kolb & Robberecht, 1996; Shaffique et al., 2022). Moreover, certain desert plant types can tolerate temperatures as high as 70°C (Nobel, 1984) supporting Nobel et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Bounds of Maximum Land Surface Temperatures in a Warming Climate and Limits to Plant Growth

Aminzadeh,

Or,

Stevens

et al. 2023

Earth's Future

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Extremely high land surface temperatures affect soil ecological processes, alter land‐atmosphere interactions, and may limit some forms of life. Extreme surface temperature hotspots are presently identified using satellite observations or deduced from complex Earth system models. We introduce a simple, yet physically based analytical approach that incorporates salient land characteristics and atmospheric conditions to globally identify locations of extreme surface temperatures and their upper bounds. We then provide a predictive tool for delineating the spatial extent of land hotspots at the limits to biological adaptability. The model is in good agreement with satellite observations showing that temperature hotspots are associated with high radiation and low wind speed and occur primarily in Middle East and North Africa, with maximum temperatures exceeding 85°C during the study period from 2005 to 2020. We observed an increasing trend in maximum surface temperatures at a rate of 0.17°C/decade. The model allows quantifying how upper bounds of extreme temperatures can increase in a warming climate in the future for which we do not have satellite observations and offers new insights on potential impacts of future warming on limits to plant growth and biological adaptability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Bounds of Maximum Land Surface Temperatures in a Warming Climate and Limits to Plant Growth

Aminzadeh,

Or,

Stevens

et al. 2023

Earth's Future

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“…While numerous studies have investigated CAM plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations predicted for the next century ( Winter et al ., 1997 ; Drennan and Nobel, 2000 ; Ceusters and Borland, 2010 ; Pereira et al ., 2021 ; Sage and Stata, 2021 ; Hultine et al ., 2023 ), only a few have examined responses of CAM plants to CO 2 atmospheres below recent historical concentrations ( Winter et al ., 1992 , 2014 ). This does not appear to be a major impediment to evaluation of interactions between declining CO 2 and CAM evolution, because most CAM origins appear to be Miocene to Pliocene in age, when CO 2 was similar to current atmospheric levels near 400 ppm.…”

Section: Physiological Effects Of Co 2 Variation O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elevated CO 2 is unlikely to harm CAM species directly, given their flexibility and propensity to rely increasingly on C 3 metabolism in higher CO 2 , and one might hypothesize CAM being able to move to more extreme epiphytic microsites as their WUE improves. Before any of this happens, however, there are far more serious threats to the CAM flora that must be addressed, namely from habitat destruction, run-away fire cycles, over-harvesting of CAM plants for horticultural uses and invasive species outbreaks ( Grace, 2019 ; Sage and Stata, 2021 ; Zotz et al ., 2023 ; Hultine et al ., 2023 ). CAM photosynthesis is not unique in feeling the heat of anthropogenic global change, as the C 4 flora and much of the C 3 flora are under similar threats ( Sage, 2020 ).…”

Section: Synthesis – Did Low Co 2 Promote Cam Orig...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric CO2 decline and the timing of CAM plant evolution

Sage,

Gilman,

Smith

et al. 2023

Annals of Botany

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Background and Aims CAM photosynthesis is hypothesized to have evolved in atmospheres of low CO2 concentration in recent geological time because of its ability to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco and boost water use efficiency relative to C3 photosynthesis. We assessed this hypothesis by compiling estimates of when CAM clades arose using phylogenetic chronograms for 72 CAM clades. We further considered evidence of how atmospheric CO2 affects CAM relative to C3 photosynthesis. Results Where CAM origins can be inferred, strong CAM is estimated to have appeared in the past 30 million years (Ma) in 46 of 48 examined clades, after atmospheric CO2 had declined from high (near 800 ppm) to lower (<450 ppm) values. In turn, 21 of 25 clades containing CAM species (but where CAM origins are less certain) also arose in the past 30 Ma. In these clades, CAM is likely younger than the clade origin. We found evidence for repeated weak CAM evolution during the higher CO2 conditions before 30 million years ago, and possible strong CAM origins in the Crassulaceae in the Cretaceous period prior to atmospheric CO2. Most CAM-specific clades arose in the past 15 Ma, in a similar pattern observed for origins of C4 clades. Conclusions The evidence indicates strong CAM repeatedly evolved in reduced CO2 conditions of the past 30 million years. Weaker CAM can predate low CO2 and, in the Crassulaceae, strong CAM may also have arisen in water-limited microsites under relatively high CO2. Experimental evidence from extant CAM species demonstrates that elevated CO2 reduces the importance of nocturnal CO2 fixation by increasing the contribution of C3 photosynthesis to daily carbon gain. Thus, the advantage of strong CAM would be reduced in high CO2, such that its evolution appears less likely and restricted to more extreme environments than possible in low CO2.

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“…Climate change has various impacts on the growth and development processes of crops. For instance, an increase in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) can stimulate photosynthesis rates, sometimes resulting in higher yields [7,8]. Changes in temperature and precipitation affect crop photosynthesis, plant development rates, as well as water and nutrient budgets in the field [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Climate Change Information with Crop Growing Seasons in the Northwest Ethiopian Highlands

Tarekegn,

Alaminie,

Debele

2023

Climate

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In Ethiopia, the impacts of climate change are expected to have significant consequences for agriculture and food security. This study investigates both past (1981–2010) and future (2041–2070) climate trends and their influence on the length of the growing season (LGS) in the North-Western Ethiopian highlands. Climate observations were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia, while the best performing and highest resolution models from the CMIP5 experiment and RCP6 (Coupled Models Intercomparison Project and representative concentration pathway 6) were used for the analysis. Standard statistical methods were applied to compute soil water content, evaluate climate variability and trends, and assess their impact on the length of the growing season. Maximum temperature (tasmax) and minimum temperature (tasmin) inter-annual variability anomalies show that the region has experienced cooler years than hotter years in the past. However, in the future, the coolest years are expected to decrease by −1.2 °C, while the hottest years will increase by +1.3 °C. During the major rainfall season (JJAS), the area has received an adequate amount of rainfall in the past and is very likely to receive similar rainfall in the future. On the other hand, the rainfall amount in the season February to May (FMAM) is expected to assist only with early planting. For the season October to January (ONDJ), the rainfall amount may help lengthen the growing season of JJAS if properly utilized; otherwise, the season has the potential to destroy crops before and during the harvesting time. The soil water content changes in the future remain close to those of the past period. The length of growing seasons has less variable onset and cessation dates, while in the future, the length of the growing period (LGP) of 174 to 177 days will be suitable for short- and long-cycle crops, as well as double cropping, benefiting crop production yield in the North-Western Ethiopian highlands in the future.

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Global change impacts on cacti (Cactaceae): current threats, challenges and conservation solutions

Cited by 16 publications

References 102 publications

Upper Bounds of Maximum Land Surface Temperatures in a Warming Climate and Limits to Plant Growth

Upper Bounds of Maximum Land Surface Temperatures in a Warming Climate and Limits to Plant Growth

Atmospheric CO2 decline and the timing of CAM plant evolution

Linking Climate Change Information with Crop Growing Seasons in the Northwest Ethiopian Highlands

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