Global climate-related predictors at kilometer resolution for the past and future

Abstract

Abstract. A multitude of physical and biological processes on which ecosystems and human societies depend are governed by the climate, and understanding how these processes are altered by climate change is central to mitigation efforts. We developed a set of climate-related variables at as yet unprecedented spatiotemporal detail as a basis for environmental and ecological analyses. We downscaled time series of near-surface relative humidity (hurs) and cloud area fraction (clt) under the consideration of orography and wind as well as near-surface wind speed (sfcWind) using the delta-change method. Combining these grids with mechanistically downscaled information on temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation, we then calculated vapor pressure deficit (vpd), surface downwelling shortwave radiation (rsds), potential evapotranspiration (pet), the climate moisture index (cmi), and site water balance (swb) at a monthly temporal and 30 arcsec spatial resolution globally from 1980 until 2018 (time-series variables). At the same spatial resolution, we further estimated climatological normals of frost change frequency (fcf), snow cover days (scd), potential net primary productivity (npp), growing degree days (gdd), and growing season characteristics for the periods 1981–2010, 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100, considering three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP370, SSP585) and five Earth system models (projected variables). Time-series variables showed high accuracy when validated against observations from meteorological stations and when compared to alternative products. Projected variables were also highly correlated with observations, although some variables showed notable biases, e.g., snow cover days. Together, the CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ dataset presented here (https://doi.org/10.16904/envidat.332, Brun et al., 2022) allows improvement to our understanding of patterns and processes that are governed by climate, including the impact of recent and future climate changes on the world's ecosystems and the associated services on societies.

MOF Linker Extension Strategy for Enhanced Atmospheric Water Harvesting

“…Notably, the water sorption isotherm profile exhibited a steep step at 26% RH with a total water uptake of 0.64 and 0.68 g g –1 for the solvothermal and reflux-based synthesis method, respectivelyan approximately 50% higher water capacity than that of MOF-303 (Figures b and S19). Although shifted to higher RH values in comparison with MOF-303, the step position of MOF-LA2-1 can still be suitable for water harvesting in most arid regions of the world. , For conditions with RH values below the isotherm inflection point, we can envision utilization of pressurized swing adsorption or introduction of more hydrophilic groups into the linker molecule to allow for water harvesting in these hyperarid climates using MOF-LA2-1 or derivatives thereof.…”

“…Although shifted to higher RH values in comparison with MOF-303, the step position of MOF-LA2-1 can still be suitable for water harvesting in most arid regions of the world. 21,22 For conditions with RH values below the isotherm inflection point, we can envision utilization of pressurized swing adsorption or introduction of more hydrophilic groups into the linker molecule to allow for water harvesting in these hyperarid climates using MOF-LA2-1 or derivatives thereof.…”

Bryophytes of Europe Traits (BET) data set: A fundamental tool for ecological studies

“…For species extinct (EX) or regionally extinct (RE) according to the European IUCN Red List, IUCN maps of the historical ranges were used. In addition to the 19 traditional bioclimatic variables (Hijmans et al, 2005;Xu & Hutchinson, 2013), we included 6 growing degree days variables from the CHELSA BIOCLIM+ data set (Brun et al, 2022a;2022b). Median values of the extracted bioclimatic variables were calculated for all 25 variables.…”

Photoinduced CO2 Conversion under Arctic Conditions─The High Potential of Plasmon Chemistry under Low Temperature

“…Without a doubt, the use of solar energy in the Polar Regions (or close to them) may seem somewhat strange (these regions are traditionally associated with cold, which, in turn, is intuitively associated with the absence of solar heat). However, according to the data from various time periods, the averaged value of total solar irradiance in Polar Regions is comparable to European countries like the Netherlands (which produces 22.7% of its electricity from solar energy). − …”