Global differences between skin and bulk sea surface temperatures

Emery, William J.; Schluessel, Peter

doi:10.1029/89eo00113

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In comparing results with CPC, all grid boxes for which the TOVS data indicated frozen ocean were deleted from the CPC fields. The area mean differences of the TOVS sea surface temperatures with the independently determined CPC results are the order of 0.1-0.2 K and the spatial standard deviations are about 0.7 K. The negative biases of TOVS surface skin temperatures compared to CPC ocean bulk temperatures is consistent with findings of Emery and Schluessel (1989). TOVS results from different satellites are somewhat more consistent with each other over ocean than with CPC.…”

Section: B Surface Skin Temperaturessupporting

confidence: 79%

Characteristics of the TOVS Pathfinder Path A Dataset

Susskind¹,

Piraino²,

Rokke³

et al. 1997

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

208

110

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The TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Pathfinder Path A dataset is currently a 9-yr dataset, 1985-93, of global fields of surface and atmospheric parameters derived from analysis of HIRS2 and MSU data on the NOAA-9, NOAA-10, NOAA-11, and NOAA-12 polar-orbiting operational meteorological satellites. The retrieved fields include land and ocean surface skin temperature, atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles, total atmospheric 0 3 burden, cloud-top pressure and radiatively effective fractional cloud cover, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and longwave cloud radiative forcing, and precipitation estimate. The fields are gridded on a 1° x 1° latitude-longitude grid and stored on a 1-day mean, 5-day mean, and monthly mean basis, with data from each satellite's local A.M. and P.M. orbits stored separately. Preliminary validation studies of the interannual differences of geophysical parameters derived from the TOVS Pathfinder dataset imply sufficient accuracy for their use both to study atmospheric behavior as well as to validate the ability of general circulation models to reproduce this behavior. The TOVS dataset is particularly suitable for climate studies because surface, atmospheric, cloud, and radiative parameters are all produced simultaneously in an internally consistent manner. Hence, statistical relationships between them will not be impaired by the heterogeneity inherent in data from different sources. In addition, the close agreement of OLR computed from the products with that observed by the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment enables explanation of interannual variability of OLR in terms of the variability of its component parts. The dataset is available for all users through the Goddard Space

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Section: B Surface Skin Temperaturessupporting

confidence: 79%

Characteristics of the TOVS Pathfinder Path A Dataset

Susskind¹,

Piraino²,

Rokke³

et al. 1997

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

208

110

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“…The differences arising from the use of different algorithms and regressions against different surface temperatures are persistent, showing little change with changing seasons and years despite the presence of seasonal changes in the individual SST maps. Therefore the differences seen previously [Emery and Schluessel, 1989] were not unique and must be addressed as new algorithms are developed. When algorithms of the same basic form were obtained through regressions against temperatures corresponding to the skin and bulk temperatures of the ocean, the resulting differences were consistent with observed bulk-skin temperature differences.…”

Section: Error Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive comparison between satellite‐measured skin and multichannel sea surface temperature

Wick¹,

Emery²,

Schluessel³

1992

J. Geophys. Res.

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At present, the most widely used algorithms for the calculation of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from infrared satellite data are based on the regression of infrared radiances with in situ buoy SST measurements (the multichannel SST, MCSST, and the cross‐product SST, CPSST). Drifting buoys measure the SST anywhere from 0.5 to 1.0 m below the surface, thus missing the important radiative skin of the ocean. It is the temperature of this skin layer that is active in the air‐sea heat exchange. To determine the differences between the algorithms for the satellite‐measured skin SST (or satellite‐measured surface skin temperature, SMSST), the MCSST and the CPSST, historical infrared imagery was used to compute coincident maps of each product from which the temperature differences were calculated. The MCSST ‐ SMSST differences were computed for five consecutive seasons. CPSST ‐ SMSST comparisons were computed with two different CPSST algorithms for periods from two different years. Also, a global map of SMSST, using both AVHRR and HIRS data, was computed for one period and compared with the AVHRR‐only SMSST, MCSST, and CPSST maps. Histograms of all differences, stratified by zonal band, clearly suggest the mean and rms differences between the SMSST, MCSST, and CPSST The MCSST has a mean offset from the SMSST of 0.45 K, while the CPSST and SMSST have a mean offset of 0.1 K. The MCSST has its greatest rms differences (∼0.7 K) with the SMSST at low latitudes with much lower rms differences at mid and polar latitudes. The CPSST and SMSST, however, exhibit larger rms differences (∼0.6 K) at mid and higher latitudes where smaller differences would be expected. The AVHRR/HIRS SMSST has a small mean offset from the AVHRR‐only SMSST (0.20 K) and CPSST (0.19 K) but shows a large amount of scatter with both algorithms (rms difference of 0.59 K with SMSST, 0.65 K with CPSST). Owing to the lack of in situ skin SST measurements, it is difficult to say which of the algorithms produces the most accurate results; only the differences may be discussed.

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“…The temperature in this layer is not quite the same as temperature a meter below the sea surface. They can differ by several degrees when winds are light (Emery and Schussel, 1989). This error is greatly reduced when avhrr data are used to interpolate between ship measurements of surface temperature.…”

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confidence: 99%

Introduction to physical oceanography

1997

Choice Reviews Online

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I hereby grant any user right to download and print a copy of the book for personal use. I also grant all teachers, lecturers, and professors the right to download the book and to make multiple copies for use by their students. The multiple copies may be made by copy centers. Students may be charged the cost of reproducing the book.I do not grant rights to the text for commercial purposes. Download the BookThese files are the latest version, August 13, 2008. The files are in Adobe Portable Document Format. This version has hyperlinked Table of Contents and Index for easier navigation of the document in Adobe Acrobat Reader. I thanks Andrew Kiss of the University of New South Wales in Canberra Australia for his help in using the \hyperref package to produce the links. BookComplete book in a 9.6 Mbyte file with index. CoverColor cover for your book.If you don't have an Acrobat Reader, you can download one for free from Adobe.past.Added information about the new Reference Salinity scale in Section 6.1. 2.Corrected an important error in my discussion of potential temperature in Section 6.5. 3.Added information about MODIS and Jason-2. 4.Removed references to controversy about vertical mixing in the ocean in Section 8.4. The controversy has been resolved. 5.Added more information about abrupt climate at end of the last ice age in Section 13.1. 6.Added more information about mixing driving the deep circulation in Section 13.3 and , and the role of Ekman pumping in the Antarctic and its influence on the deep circulation in Section 13.5 ContentsPreface vii I have taught from the book for several years, and I thank the many students in my classes and throughout the world who have pointed out poorly written sections, ambiguous text, conflicting notation, and other errors. I also thank Professor Fred Schlemmer at Texas A&M Galveston who, after using the book for his classes, has provided extensive comments about the material.I also wish to thank many colleagues for providing figures, comments, and helpful information. I especially wish to thank Aanderaa Instruments, Bill

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Global differences between skin and bulk sea surface temperatures

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Characteristics of the TOVS Pathfinder Path A Dataset

Characteristics of the TOVS Pathfinder Path A Dataset

A comprehensive comparison between satellite‐measured skin and multichannel sea surface temperature

Introduction to physical oceanography

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