Global distribution maps of the leishmaniases

Abstract

The leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases that have a broad global distribution throughout much of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Despite representing a significant public health burden, our understanding of the global distribution of the leishmaniases remains vague, reliant upon expert opinion and limited to poor spatial resolution. A global assessment of the consensus of evidence for leishmaniasis was performed at a sub-national level by aggregating information from a variety of sources. A database of records of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis occurrence was compiled from published literature, online reports, strain archives, and GenBank accessions. These, with a suite of biologically relevant environmental covariates, were used in a boosted regression tree modelling framework to generate global environmental risk maps for the leishmaniases. These high-resolution evidence-based maps can help direct future surveillance activities, identify areas to target for disease control and inform future burden estimation efforts.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02851.001

Tilting the balance between RNA interference and replication eradicatesLeishmaniaRNA virus 1 and mitigates the inflammatory response

“…T he early-diverging protozoan parasite genus Leishmania causes the disease leishmaniasis in many regions of the world, with an estimated 12 million symptomatic cases, at least 120 million asymptomatic cases, and nearly 1.7 billion at risk (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). The disease has three predominant clinical manifestations, ranging from the relatively mild cutaneous form to mucocutaneous disease (where parasites metastasize to, and cause destruction of, mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat) and fatal visceral disease.…”

Travel-Related Parasitic Infections in Travellers to Southeast Asia and Western Pacific Countries

“…Endemik bölgelere seyahat edenler, bu bölgelerde kuş gözlemciliği yapanlar, araştırmacılar ve ordu personelinin kum sineklerine maruz kalma ihtimali daha fazla olduğundan risk altındadırlar (23). Her yıl yaklaşık 1 milyondan fazla kişiye leishmaniasis tanısı konulmaktadır (24). Leishmaniasis yüküne ilişkin son tahminlerde, 101 endemik ülkede, yıllık insidansın 0,2-0,4 milyon VL ve 0,7-1,2 milyon KL vakası düzeyin-de olduğu tahmin edilmektedir (25).…”

Sera of Human Beings Hosting Durably Viscerotropic Leishmania Species Display Histones- Binding Immunoglobulins: A Feature To Consider When Probing Signatures of Auto-Reactivity?

“…infantum co-perpetuate. The completion of the developmental program of the latter eukaryotic single celled parasite is known to proceed through blood-feeding sand flies and mammals such as dogs and human beings [4][5][6].…”

“…Yet, with this limitations in mind, it leads us to propose combining tests that allow detecting antibodies signing (a) risks of developing SLE (b) as well as exposure to viscerotropic Leishmania species, whenever physicians addressed blood of healthy subjects inhabiting areas where perpetuate these species L. chagasi/infantum and L. donovani. L. donovani is the second species within the genus Leishmania to share these so called viscerotropic features with L. chagasi/infantum [4]. It is now known that any disruption of the dynamic immune equilibrium accounting for asymptomatic parasitism in humans and does result in progressive multi-organ damages named visceral leishmaniasis, features shared with SLE [14].…”

“…infantum co-perpetuate. The completion of the developmental program of the latter eukaryotic single celled parasite is known to proceed through blood-feeding sand flies and mammals such as dogs and human beings [4][5][6].Briefly, once deposited, in the upper dermis, by the sand fly over its blood meal, the mammal pre-adapted L. infantum population of metacyclic promastigotes are rapidly internalized by mononuclear phagocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. …”