Global Diversity, Distribution, and Genetic Studies of Stable Flies (Stomoxys sp.)

Abstract

In the subfamily Stomoxyinae there are currently 18 recognized Stomoxys species, plus two subspecies. Most Stomoxys knowledge was gained through studies with S. calcitrans, a cosmopolitan species, economic pest, and vector. Other Stomoxys spp. are known only from a few trapped adult specimens. Herein, the Stomoxys spp. have been grouped by their ecological diversity, global distribution, and phylogeny and phylogeography. Seven species are dependent to some degree on humans and their activities, particularly animal production. Eleven species are dependent on wildlife to some degree for their development, and little is known about their biology in many cases. Global distributions include one cosmopolitan species (S. calcitrans), twelve species found only in Africa, four species only in Asia, and one species (S. sitiens) in Africa and Asia. Most genetic studies on Stomoxys calcitrans showed little variation in North America, possibly due to the adults’ long range flight capability. Phylogeographic analysis of S. calcitrans showed a differentiation between Oriental populations (first lineage) and populations from Afrotropical, Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical and Oceanian regions (second lineage). Genetic studies were followed by sequencing of the Stomoxys calcitrans genome and phylogenetic studies of the Stomoxys genus using 10 of the known species. Phylogenetic relationships were established.

Multimodal interactions in Stomoxys navigation reveals synergy between olfaction and vision

“…We identified three main species of Stomoxys, the two are the most dominant species in the African continent [24,25,42] however, Stomoxys species composition and density is location, season and methods of collection dependent. The equal attraction of Stomoxys to various livestock fur and four fabric colors that varies in wavelength from (400 -700nm) may demonstrate that Stomoxys visual system has a broader range of wavelength detection and tuning.…”

Space–Time Clustering and Climatic Risk Factors for Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle in Uttar Pradesh, India, 2022

“…This season provides favorable environmental conditions for the emergence of the LSD vector populations that partly could explain the increase in LSD in local cattle populations in UP. Several previous studies have shown the role of mechanical vectors, such as Aedes, Culex, Anopheles mosquitoes, stable flies, and other biting arthropods, in the transmission of LSD [15,17,[35][36][37][38], and these vectors are abundant in UP [39][40][41][42], suggesting a connection between vector abundance and increase in LSD cases observed during these months.…”

Towards a practical trap for deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae): initial tests of a bi-level Nzi trap

“…Although improving the Nzi trap for stable flies was not an objective of this study, practical devices for the sampling or control of the many species of Stomoxys are of keen interest globally (Baldacchino et al 2018;Duvallet and Hogsette 2023). The new bi-level Nzi trap design was tested in an area with Stomoxys calcitrans only and performed as well as a standard Nzi trap.…”