Global Dynamics of an HTLV-I and SARS-CoV-2 Co-Infection Model with Diffusion

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel respiratory virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe illness. It was observed that disease progression in COVID-19 patients depends on their immune response, especially in elderly patients whose immune system suppression may put them at increased risk of infection. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) attacks the CD4+ T cells (T cells) of the immune system and leads to immune dysfunction. Co-infection with HTLV-I and SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in recent studies. Modeling HTLV-I and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection can be a helpful tool to understand the in-host co-dynamics of these viruses. The aim of this study was to construct a model that characterizes the in-host dynamics of HTLV-I and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. By considering the mobility of the viruses and cells, the model is represented by a system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The system contains two independent variables, time t and position x, and seven dependent variables for representing the densities of healthy epithelial cells (ECs), latent SARS-CoV-2-infected ECs, active SARS-CoV-2-infected ECs, SARS-CoV-2, healthy T cells, latent HTLV-I-infected T cells and active HTLV-I-infected T cells. We first studied the fundamental properties of the solutions of the system, then deduced all steady states and proved their global properties. We examined the global stability of the steady states by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions. The analytical results were illustrated by performing numerical simulations. We discussed the effect of HTLV-I infection on COVID-19 progression. The results suggest that patients with HTLV-I have a weakened immune response; consequently, their risk of COVID-19 infection may be increased.