Global Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

Abstract

BACKGROUNDFive modifiable risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. Studies using individual-level data to evaluate the regional and sexspecific prevalence of the risk factors and their effect on these outcomes are lacking. METHODSWe pooled and harmonized individual-level data from 112 cohort studies conducted in 34 countries and 8 geographic regions participating in the Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. We examined associations between the risk factors (body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and diabetes) and incident cardiovascular disease and death from any cause using Cox regression analyses, stratified according to geographic region, age, and sex. Population-attributable fractions were estimated for the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and 10-year all-cause mortality. RESULTSAmong 1,518,028 participants (54.1% of whom were women) with a median age of 54.4 years, regional variations in the prevalence of the five modifiable risk factors were noted. Incident cardiovascular disease occurred in 80,596 participants during a median follow-up of 7.3 years (maximum, 47.3), and 177,369 participants died during a median follow-up of 8.7 years (maximum, 47.6). For all five risk factors combined, the aggregate global population-attributable fraction of the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease was 57.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.4 to 62.1) among women and 52.6% (95% CI, 49.0 to 56.1) among men, and the corresponding values for 10-year all-cause mortality were 22.2% (95% CI, 16.8 to 27.5) and 19.1% (95% CI, 14.6 to 23.6). CONCLUSIONSHarmonized individual-level data from a global cohort showed that 57.2% and 52.6% of cases of incident cardiovascular disease among women and men, respectively, and 22.2% and 19.1% of deaths from any cause among women and men, respectively, may be attributable to five modifiable risk factors. (Funded by the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05466825.

Blood pressure and the hypertension care cascade in The Gambia: Findings from a nationwide survey

“…The association between elevated BP, especially SBP, and cardiovascular risk is well established 3,[18][19][20][21] and hence the very high prevalence of elevated BP in our population is a cause for concern. There may be ongoing sub-clinical organ damage which either now, or in the future, will manifest as overt cardiovascular disease in the form of atherosclerosis, stroke, ischemic heart disease or kidney disease.…”

Prevalence and risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus among middle-aged women in southern Brazil: a population-based study

“…For instance, the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity documented across Latin America has paralleled the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the region. 30 Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, with more than 4 million overweight-or obesity-related deaths in 2017 according to the global burden of disease. 1 Although obesity and overweight were found in two-thirds of our study sample, half of the women with DM had obesity.…”

“…According to the recent data from The Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium, of which this Passo Fundo cohort is a part, 11 the prevalence of DM in Latin America was 15.3%. For instance, the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity documented across Latin America has paralleled the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the region 30 …”

Diagnose des akuten Koronarsyndroms

“…B. SCORE2: European Society of Cardiology Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation). Zu betonen ist weiterhin, dass ein erheblicher Anteil des individuellen Risikos auf modifizierbare Risikofaktoren wie Rauchen, arterielle Hypertonie, Dyslipidämie und Übergewicht zurückzuführen ist [4].…”