Global emergence of Enterovirus 71: a systematic review

Abstract

Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infection caused by a virus from the enterovirus genus of picornavirus family that majorly affects children. Though most cases of HFMD do not cause major problems, the outbreaks of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can produce a high risk of neurological sequelae, including meningoencephalitis, lung difficulties, and mortality. In Asia, HFMD caused by EV71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential, which demands the attention of the international medical community. Main body of the abstract Some online databases including NCBI, PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Scopus, and EBSCO were also accessed using keywords relating to the topic for data mining. The paid articles were accessed through the Centre Library facility of Siksha O Anusandhan University. This work describes the structure, outbreak, molecular epidemiology of Enterovirus 71 along with different EV71 vaccines. Many vaccines have been developed such as inactivated whole-virus live attenuated, subviral particles, and DNA vaccines to cure the patients. In Asia–Pacific nations, inactivated EV71 vaccination still confronts considerable obstacles in terms of vaccine standardization, registration, price, and harmonization of pathogen surveillance and measurements. Short conclusion HFMD has emerged as a severe health hazard in Asia–Pacific countries in recent decades. In Mainland China and other countries with high HFMD prevalence, the inactivated EV71 vaccination will be a vital tool in safeguarding children's health. When creating inactivated EV71 vaccines, Mainland China ensured maintaining high standards of vaccine quality. The Phase III clinical studies were used to confirm the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. Graphical Abstract

High mobility group box 1 knockdown inhibits EV71 replication and attenuates cell pyroptosis through TLR4/NF‐κB/NLRP3 axis

“…[2] Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family of Picornaviridae, which is the main pathogen causing HFMD in young children and infants, resulting in neurological and systemic complications. [3] The EV71 virus genome has an open reading frame encoding a polyprotein that is cleaved by its proteases 2Apro and 3Cpro into 11 proteins: 4 capsid proteins VP1-4, and 7 nonstructural proteins 2A-C and 3A-D. [4] Currently, no antiviral drugs are available to treat EV71 infection, and existing EV71 vaccines are less effective due to the generation of virus mutants. [5,6] High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is widely present in the nucleus of cells and has multiple roles in transcription, replication, and cell differentiation.…”

Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update

“…Enteroviruses are the leading cause of aseptic meningitis making up approximately 55% of viral meningitis cases (see Table 1) [14]. Hand foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 can cause aseptic meningitis and brain stem encephalitis with respiratory failure and is associated with a high mortality [15 ▪▪ ]. EV71 has caused large epidemics in southeast Asia and has been a serious health hazard in many Asian and pacific island countries [15 ▪▪ ].…”

“…Hand foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 can cause aseptic meningitis and brain stem encephalitis with respiratory failure and is associated with a high mortality [15 ▪▪ ]. EV71 has caused large epidemics in southeast Asia and has been a serious health hazard in many Asian and pacific island countries [15 ▪▪ ]. One study done in Anhui China showed that a new and improved EV71 vaccine has increased efficacy and it efficient at preventing serious illness due to hand foot and mouth disease [16 ▪ ].…”

Enterovirus 71 enters human brain microvascular endothelial cells through an ARF6‐mediated endocytic pathway

“…EV71 is the main pathogen responsible for hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease (HFMD) with typical symptoms of rash or herpes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. Severe cases may develop central neuropathies including encephalitis and neurogenic pulmonary edema, which are the main causes of death 1 . In a manner that differs from Coxsackievirus A16 , another major pathogen associated with HFMD, acute infection with EV71 is more likely to cause HFMD with central nervous system (CNS) damage 2 .…”