Global empirical model of electron temperature in the outer ionosphere for period of high solar activity based on data of three Intercosmos satellites

A new global empirical model of the electron temperature with the inclusion of the solar activity variations for IRI

“…The model reproduces all of the well known "large scale" features of the electron temperature distribution in the topside ionosphere (see e.g. Brace and Theis, 1981;Bhuyan and Chamua, 2006;Truhlik et al, 2000Truhlik et al, , 2003Oyama et al, 2004):…”

“…1) and on the need to cover all important height regimes, we have selected the following anchor altitudes for our model: 350, 550, 850, 1400 and 2000 km. Similar to Brace and Theis (1981) and Truhlik et al (2000) we have averaged data on a local time-latitude grid and modeled global variations using a spherical harmonics expansion to 8th order. In the first step, we have built the core T e model using the T e average in each bin.…”

“…All available data were grouped by season (90 day periods centered on equinoxes and solstices) and for the following altitude ranges (similar to Truhlik et al, 2000): 350 ± 40 km, 550 ± 50 km, 850 ± 90 km, 1400 ± 150 km, and 2000 ± 300 km. For equinox we have combined data from spring and autumn (90 day periods centered on March 21 and September 23) from both hemispheres, because we consider possible hemispheric asymmetries as an influence of the 3rd order (1st order effects are related to local time, and altitude; 2nd order to season, and solar activity; 3rd order to longitude, and hemispheric differences).…”

Diurnal, seasonal, latitudinal and solar cycle variation of electron temperature in the topside F-region of the Indian zone ionosphere

“…Characteristics of electron temperature have been studied using measurements from incoherent scatter radar (McClure, 1969(McClure, , 1971Mahajan, 1977;Oliver et al, 1991), rocket probes (Oyama et al, 1980 and satellite-based instruments (Brace et al, 1967(Brace et al, , 1988Clark et al, 1972;. Brace and Theis (1981), Triskova et al (1996), Spenner and Plugge (1979), Truhlik et al (2000Truhlik et al ( , 2001 and Oyama et al (2004) had presented empirical models of electron temperature in the ionosphere and lower plasmasphere. Richards and Torr (1986) and theoretically studied the temperature variations in the ionosphere and plsmasphere.…”

Observation of periodic fluctuations in electron and ion temperatures at the low-latitude upper ionosphere by SROSS-C2 satellite

“…The electron and ion temperatures at the upper ionosphere depends on both the solar and terrestrial conditions and is found to exhibit a variety of periodic variations found in solar and terrestrial parameters, such as diurnal, seasonal, latitudinal and solar activity associated variations (Brace et al, 1987;Oyama et al, 1996;Truhlik et al, 2000;Huba et al, 2000;Nagy, 1978, 2000). The electron and ion temperatures have been observed using ground-based radars (McClure et al, 1973;Mahajan, 1977;Oliver, 1991;Otsuka et al, 1998), rockets (Oyama et al, 1991) and satellites (Brace et al, 1987).…”