Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis

Abstract

Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. It has gained importance in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence, recognition of multiple cryptic species within the originally described species, and its distinctive ecology, distribution, and epidemiology across the globe. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and outbreaks due to S. schenckii sensu lato. Despite its omnipresence in the environment, this fungus has remarkably diverse modes of infection and distribution patterns across the world. We have delved into the nuances of how sporotrichosis is intimately linked to different forms of human activities, habitats, lifestyles, and environmental and zoonotic interactions. The purpose of this review is to stimulate discussion about the peculiarities of this unique fungal pathogen and increase the awareness of clinicians and microbiologists, especially in regions of high endemicity, to its emergence and evolving presentations and to kindle further research into understanding the unorthodox mechanisms by which this fungus afflicts different human populations.

Esporotricosis del pabellón auricular. Comunicación de un caso atípico simulando una celulitis bacteriana

“…Entre 1998 y 2009, en Río de Janeiro se comunicó un brote epidémico por transmisión zoonótica desde gatos enfermos, con más de 2.200 personas y 3.200 gatos afectados 1,9 . También se ha descrito una hiperendemia en la zona andina del Perú (Abancay) 13 y diversos casos en Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, entre otros 5 . En Chile se han comunicado casos autóctonos cutáneo-linfáticos, uno causado por S. schenckii (ss) y otro por S. globosa, en la región de Valdivia 14,15 , en zonas boscosas húmedas y frescas, lo que dista mucho de nuestro caso proveniente de una región semidesértica, con promedios altos de temperatura y poca precipitación pluvial.…”

“…Es causada por hongos dimorfos comprendidos dentro del complejo Sporothrix schenckii, del cual se han identificado seis especies, siendo las tres más frecuentes y patógenas: S. schenckii (sensu stricto), Sporothrix brasiliensis, y Sporothrix globosa; y ocasionales: Sporothrix mexicana, Sporothrix lurei y Sporothrix pallida [1][2][3] . Es la micosis por implantación más ampliamente distribuida en el mundo y se observa con mayor frecuencia tanto en regiones intertropicales como en climas templados 1,4,5 . Las diversas especies del complejo Sporothrix viven en el suelo, materia orgánica, plantas, paja, ramas, zacate y musgos.…”

“…Se consideran grupos de riesgo de presentar la enfermedad: habitantes del medio rural, horticultores, trabajadores forestales, floristas y carpinteros. Por este motivo, la esporotricosis se le ha llamado la "enfermedad de los jardineros" o la "enfermedad de los cultivadores de rosas" 1,2,4,5 . Comunicamos un caso de presentación atípica procedente de Chihuahua, México, una zona con clima semidesértico.…”

Sporotrichosis in the Baixada Fluminense Region, Province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

“…It also occurs in Australia. In the last century, many cases of the disease were reported in France [14,15,16]. These authors commented that the cases in Europe are decreasing, and nowadays the human sporotrichosis is rare in this continent.…”

Zoonotic transmission of canine sporotrichosis in northeastern Brazil

“…Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous and subcutaneous dermatophytosis affecting humans and animals worldwide; it can also evolve to deep infections involving lymphatic vessels, fascia, muscles, cartilage, and bones (CHAKRABARTI et al, 2015). This disease has gained increasing importance and receiving the most attention over the years because of an emerging group of species able to trigger a pathological condition in the host species (RODRIGUES et al, 2016), added to changes in epidemiology, pathogen distribution and taxonomic evolution has unleashed several outbreaks in the last two decades (CHAKRABARTI et al, 2015).…”