Global event-based surveillance of chemical incidents

Abstract

Background The number of chemicals in our society and in our daily lives continues to increase. Accompanying this is an increasing risk of human exposure to and injury from hazardous substances. Performing regular, structured surveillance of chemical incidents allows a greater awareness of the types of chemical hazards causing injury and the frequency of their occurrence, as well as providing a better understanding of exposures. Objective The objective of performing event-based surveillance (EBS) and capturing chemical incidents is to use this information to increase the situational awareness of chemical incidents, improve the management of these incidents and to inform measures to protect public health. Methods This paper describes a method for EBS for chemical incidents, including the sources used, storing the gathered information and subsequent analysis of potential trends in the data. Results We describe trends in the type of incidents that have been detected, the chemicals involved in these incidents and the health effects caused, in different geographic regions of the world. Significance The methodology presented here provides a rapid and simple means of identifying chemical incidents that can be set up rapidly and with minimal cost, the outputs of which can be used to identify emerging risks and inform preparedness planning, response and training for chemical incidents.

Green Synthesis of Cation Exchange Membranes: A Review

“…PSF Dense asymmetric gas separation membranes [154] Cellulose, CA 1 Membrane via phase inversion [155] Cyrene and Cygnet 0.0 2 CA, PSF and polyimides Flat sheet membranes using pure cyrene, pure cygnet or a blend of the two. [156] DMSO PES Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes [157,158] OPBI 3 Sulfonation step performed with DMSO and CEM cast from a 12 wt% casting solution [52] PEEK-WC Comparison of DMAc and DMSO and varying multiple membrane synthesis parameters [145] Nafion polymer Influence of solubility parameters and dielectric constant [144] sPEEK Synthesis CEM [146,150] GVL CA, CTA 4 , PI, PES and PSF Membrane preparation via phase inversion [159] TamiSolve NxG PES Synthesis of porous membranes [138,160] PVDF-HFP 5 Porous membranes for membrane distillation [143,161] PVDF Porous membranes [162,163] PEEK Membrane for organic solvent nanofiltration [164] PSF Synthesis of a crosslinked support [165] PEEK-WC Synthesis catalytic membranes [166] Rhodiasolv ® PolarClean PES Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes [167] PES, PSF and CA Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes [168] Matrimid ® Microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes [169] Polarclean and GVL PSF Ultrafiltration membranes [170] PES and PET Ultrafiltration membranes [14]…”

“…The impact of the human society reaches much further than only the pathogenic world. Air pollution and climate change [ 2 ], alterations in water quality and aquatic biodiversity [ 3 ] and the release of toxic chemicals due to incidents [ 4 ] are some of the negative consequences caused by humanity. A way to break this trend was proposed by Morens and Fauci [ 1 ], i.e., that we should start to live in a more thoughtful and creative harmony with nature.…”