Global events and biotic interaction as controls on the evolution of gastropods

Morris, Noel J.; Taylor, John

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511535505.012

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Also the community composition of snail assemblages differed among regions-slightly in grasslands and clearly in forests-and each habitat had some unique inhabitants. While densities in the Swabian Alb and the Hainich correspond well to mean values found in the literature (100-1100 Ind/m 2 in European forests and 20-200 Ind/m 2 in open grasslands; M€ orzer Bruijns et al 1959, Baker 1968, Mason 1970, the Schorfheide with its very high snail densities in grasslands and low densities in forests seems to have more extreme environmental conditions, probably associated with soil types. Hainich-D€ un, and Schorfheide-Chorin).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…About 24,000 species of land snails (Mollusca) are globally described, but potentially up to 65,000 may exist (Lydeard et al 2004). This diversity arose at least since Jurassic times (about 180 million years) and enabled this group to adapt to a variety of different habitats not only in temperate forests and in the tropics but also in deserts and mountain regions (Morris and Taylor 2000). In their habitats, land snails are important for nutrient cycling by promoting fungal and microbial growth in processed leaf litter (Mason 1970) and as food source for a variety of different predators; especially, the calcium-rich shell is used by, for example, beetles, carnivorous snails, salamanders, or frogs, and it is a main source of calcium for birds while forming eggshells (Caldwell 1993, Perrins 1996, Dourson 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Land‐use in Europe affects land snail assemblages directly and indirectly by modulating abiotic and biotic drivers

et al. 2019

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Type and intensity of land‐use vary in space and time and strongly contribute to changes in richness and composition of species communities. In this study, we examined land snail communities in forests and grasslands in three regions of Germany. We aimed to quantify the extent to which snail density, diversity, and community composition in forests and grasslands are determined by (1) land‐use intensity, (2) abiotic drivers and (3) biotic substrates, and (4) whether these effects are consistent across regions. In total, we collected 15,607 snail individuals belonging to 71 species and analyzed both direct and indirect effects using structural equation modeling. Snail densities and their local diversity varied across regions and between forest and grassland habitats within a region albeit with contrasting trends. Community composition also differed among regions—more strongly in forests than in grasslands—and each habitat had unique species (18 in forests, 21 in grasslands). In general, the direct impact of land‐use on snail density, diversity, and community structure was on average nine (forests) and seven (grasslands) times lower than the impact of abiotic drivers and biotic substrates which both affected snail assemblages about equally. However, land‐use factors had indirect effects on snail responses through abiotic variables such as soil moisture and soil pH. Furthermore, land‐use factors also had indirect effects via changing biotic substrates, such as plant cover in grasslands and deadwood cover in forests. Our results show that land snails strongly respond to environmental gradients and add an important indicator taxon to the current evidence of land‐use impacts, highlighting the complexity of direct and indirect effects via biotic and abiotic drivers across regions in Central Europe.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land‐use in Europe affects land snail assemblages directly and indirectly by modulating abiotic and biotic drivers

et al. 2019

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“…Even after taking into account the inherent biases within the fossil record, it is apparent that shelled gastropods underwent a dramatic evolutionary radiation globally through the Cenozoic era [21][22][23][24]. From comparatively low numbers immediately following the K -Pg mass extinction event they rose to some 60,000+ species at the present day [25][26][27] and, with the possible exception of the polychaetes and nematodes (whose total numbers of species are still very poorly known), are the most taxonomically diverse group in modern shallow seas. By far the largest gastropod clade at the present day is the Neogastropoda which probably contains in the region of 26,000 species (Appendix S1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Cenozoic Differentiation of Polar Marine Faunas

Crame

2013

PLoS ONE

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The widespread assumption that the origin of polar marine faunas is linked to the onset of major global cooling in the Late Eocene – Early Oligocene is being increasingly challenged. The Antarctic fossil record in particular is suggesting that some modern Southern Ocean taxa may have Early Eocene or even Paleocene origins, i.e. well within the Early Cenozoic greenhouse world. A global analysis of one of the largest marine clades at the present day, the Neogastropoda, indicates that not only is there a decrease in the number of species from the tropics to the poles but also a decrease in the evenness of their distribution. A small number of neogastropod families with predominantly generalist trophic strategies at both poles points to the key role of seasonality in structuring the highest latitude marine assemblages. A distinct latitudinal gradient in seasonality is temperature-invariant and would have operated through periods of global warmth such as the Early Cenozoic. To test this concept a second global analysis was undertaken of earliest Cenozoic (Paleocene) neogastropods and this does indeed show a certain degree of faunal differentiation at both poles. The Buccinidae, s.l. is especially well developed at this time, and this is a major generalist taxon at the present day. There is an element of asymmetry associated with this development of Paleocene polar faunas in that those in the south are more strongly differentiated than their northern counterparts; this can in turn be linked to the already substantial isolation of the southern high latitudes. The key role of seasonality in the formation of polar marine faunas has implications for contemporary ecosystem structure and stability.

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“…Neogastropods show very strong latitudinal gradients at the present day and there is evidence to suggest that these are such as to heavily underpin those shown by gastropods as a whole (Taylor & Taylor, 1977; Taylor et al. , 1980; Morris & Taylor, 2000).…”

Section: Evolution Of Latitudinal Gradientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic diversity gradients through geological time

Crame¹

2001

Diversity and Distributions

113

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Abstract. There is evidence from the fossil record to suggest that latitudinal gradients in taxonomic diversity may be time‐invariant features, although almost certainly not on the same scale as that seen at the present day. It is now apparent that both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients increased dramatically in strength through the Cenozoic era (i.e. the last 65 my) to become more pronounced today than at any time in the geological past. Present‐day taxonomic diversity gradients, in both the marine and terrestrial realms, are underpinned by the tropical radiations of a comparatively small number of species‐rich clades. Quite why these particular taxa proliferated through the Cenozoic is uncertain, but it could be that at least part of the explanation involves the phenomenon of evolutionary escalation. This is, in essence, a theory of biological diversification through evolutionary feedback mechanisms between predators and prey; first one develops an adaptive advantage, and then the other. However, there may also have been some form of extrinsic control on the process of tropical diversification, and this was most likely centred on the phenomenon of global climate change. This is especially so over the last 15 my Various Late Cenozoic (Neogene) vicariant events effectively partitioned the tropics into a series of high diversity centres, or foci. It has been suggested that, in the largest of these in the marine realm (the Indo‐West Pacific or IWP centre), a critical patterns of islands acted as a template for rapid speciation during glacioeustatic sea level cycles. The same process occurred in the Atlantic, Caribbean and East Pacific (ACEP) centre, though on a lesser scale. Tropical terrestrial diversity may also have been promoted by rapid range expansions and contractions in concert with glacial cycles (a modified refugium hypothesis). We are beginning to appreciate that an integrated sequence of Neogene tectonic and climatic events greatly influenced the formation of contemporary taxonomic diversity patterns.

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Global events and biotic interaction as controls on the evolution of gastropods

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Land‐use in Europe affects land snail assemblages directly and indirectly by modulating abiotic and biotic drivers

Land‐use in Europe affects land snail assemblages directly and indirectly by modulating abiotic and biotic drivers

Early Cenozoic Differentiation of Polar Marine Faunas

Taxonomic diversity gradients through geological time

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