Global factors that determine the maximum disparity for seeing cyclopean surface shape

Ziegler, Lynn R.; Hess, Robert F.; Kingdom, Frederick A. A.

doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00206-0

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Therefore, when temporal frequency was 0 Hz, the upper limit was reached whenever the disparity changed by Ͼ1.2°for every 1°change in spatial position. This is very consistent with previous estimates of a spatial disparity-gradient limit (Tyler, 1973;Burt and Julesz, 1980;Ziegler et al, 2000;Filippini and Banks, 2009) and not consistent with an amplitude limit. The spatial disparity-gradient limit is a byproduct of using windowed correlation to estimate disparity ( .…”

Section: Upper-disparity Limitssupporting

confidence: 91%

The Limits of Human Stereopsis in Space and Time

2014

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To encode binocular disparity, the visual system determines the image patches in one eye that yield the highest correlation with patches in the other eye. The computation of interocular correlation occurs after spatiotemporal filtering of monocular signals, which leads to restrictions on disparity variations that can support depth perception. We quantified those restrictions by measuring humans' ability to see disparity variation at a wide range of spatial and temporal frequencies. Lower-disparity thresholds cut off at very low spatiotemporal frequencies, which is consistent with the behavior of V1 neurons. Those thresholds are space-time separable, suggesting that the underlying neural mechanisms are separable. We also found that upper-disparity limits were characterized by a spatiotemporal, disparity-gradient limit; to be visible, disparity variation cannot exceed a fixed amount for a given interval in space-time. Our results illustrate that the disparity variations that humans can see are very restricted compared with the corresponding luminance variations. The results also provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying depth from disparity, such as why stimuli with long interocular delays can still yield clear depth percepts.

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Section: Upper-disparity Limitssupporting

confidence: 91%

The Limits of Human Stereopsis in Space and Time

2014

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“…Sinusoidal corrugations in random-element stereograms cannot be discriminated when the product of corrugation spatial frequency and disparity amplitude exceeds a critical value (Tyler, 1974, 1975; Ziegler, Hess, & Kingdom, 2000). A similar phenomenon was observed by Burt and Julesz (1980) who reported that two-element stereograms cannot be fused when the angular separation between the elements is less than the disparity.…”

Section: The Disparity-gradient Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits of stereopsis explained by local cross-correlation

2009

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Human stereopsis has two well-known constraints: the disparity-gradient limit, which is the inability to perceive depth when the change in disparity within a region is too large, and the limit of stereoresolution, which is the inability to perceive spatial variations in disparity that occur at too fine a spatial scale. We propose that both limitations can be understood as byproducts of estimating disparity by cross-correlating the two eyes’ images, the fundamental computation underlying the disparity-energy model. To test this proposal, we constructed a local cross-correlation model with biologically motivated properties. We then compared model and human behaviors in the same psychophysical tasks. The model and humans behaved quite similarly: they both exhibited a disparity-gradient limit and had similar stereoresolution thresholds. Performance was affected similarly by changes in a variety of stimulus parameters. By modeling the effects of stimulus blur and of using different sizes of image patches, we found evidence that the smallest neural mechanism humans use to estimate disparity is 3–6 arcmin in diameter. We conclude that the disparity-gradient limit and stereoresolution are indeed byproducts of using local cross-correlation to estimate disparity.

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“…As corrugation frequency increases, the stimulus can exceed the disparity gradient limit, and this could cause a failure in disparity measurement (Ziegler et al, 2000). The disparity gradient varies across a sinusoidal disparity waveform, but is proportional to corrugation frequency.…”

Section: Effect Of Disparity Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Is Spatial Stereoresolution So Low?

Banks¹,

Gepshtein²,

Landy³

2004

J. Neurosci.

151

210

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Spatial stereoresolution (the finest detectable modulation of binocular disparity) is much poorer than luminance resolution (finest detectable luminance variation). In a series of psychophysical experiments, we examined four factors that could cause low stereoresolution: (1) the sampling properties of the stimulus, (2) the disparity gradient limit, (3) low-pass spatial filtering by mechanisms early in the visual process, and (4) the method by which binocular matches are computed. Our experimental results reveal the contributions of the first three factors. A theoretical analysis of binocular matching by interocular correlation reveals the contribution of the fourth: the highest attainable stereoresolution may be limited by (1) the smallest useful correlation window in the visual system, and (2) a matching process that estimates the disparity of image patches and assumes that disparity is constant across the patch. Both properties are observed in disparity-selective neurons in area V1 of the primate (Nienborg et al., 2004).

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Global factors that determine the maximum disparity for seeing cyclopean surface shape

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

The Limits of Human Stereopsis in Space and Time

The Limits of Human Stereopsis in Space and Time

Limits of stereopsis explained by local cross-correlation

Why Is Spatial Stereoresolution So Low?

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