Global Infection Rate of Rotavirus C during 1980–2022 and Analysis of Critical Factors in the Host Range Restriction of Virus VP4

Abstract

Information on rotavirus C (RVC) infection is lacking, partly because the prevalence of RVC among humans and animals worldwide is undefined. Data on the characteristics of the P genotype among RVC strains are also required. We performed systematic searches on the infection rates of RVC since 1980 based on the literature and gene sequences of the PubMed and GenBank databases. A phylogenetic tree of VP4 genes was constructed to evaluate the distribution of the P genotype of RVC from various hosts. The specific mutation motifs in VP8* with P [2]/P [4]/P [5] specificity were analyzed to elucidate their roles in host range restriction. The rate of RVC infection in humans has fallen from 3% before 2009 to 1%, whereas in animals it has risen from 10% to 25%. The P genotype of RVC showed strict host species specificity, and current human RVC infections are exclusively caused by genotype P [2]. In the VP8* hemagglutinin domain of the P [4]/P [5] genotype of swine RVC, specific insertion or deletion were found relative to the human P [2] genotype, and these motifs are a possible critical factor for host range restriction. Our findings highlight the need for further epidemiological surveillance, preventive strategies, and elucidation of the factors involved in the specific host range restriction of RVC-circulating strains.

Genome analysis of the novel putative rotavirus species K

“…Also, in phylogenetic trees, RVK amino acid sequences generally clustered together with RVC sequences, indicating a close phylogenetic relationship of both viruses. RVC has been frequently detected in diseased humans ( Zhao et al., 2022 ), but it is increasingly identified as an important pathogen in pigs ( Theuns et al., 2016 ) and with lower detection rates also in other animal species ( Otto et al., 2015 ). The relationship of RVK with RVC was evident for all virus proteins, with the exception of NSP4, which showed very low sequence identities and a different branching in phylogenetic trees.…”

Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review

“…Group C has also been linked to sporadic cases of acute diarrhea among humans, worldwide. Zhao et al (2022) reported that the infection rates of rotavirus C in humans has decreased from 3% before 2009 to 1%, whereas the infection rates in animals increased from 10% to 25% [86].…”

Development of a Quadruplex RT-qPCR for the Detection of Porcine Rotaviruses and the Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine RVH in China

“…Compared to RVB and RVC, RVA is considered to be the most predominant rotavirus due to its high detection rate in different pig herds [ 4 , 8 ]. Porcine RVC has been identified in many countries around the world [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. After 2009, the prevalence of RVC infection in animals increased from 10% to 25% [ 14 ].…”

“…Porcine RVC has been identified in many countries around the world [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. After 2009, the prevalence of RVC infection in animals increased from 10% to 25% [ 14 ]. In recent years, an increasing number of countries have reported high positivity rates of porcine RVC.…”